BIOL 319 FINAL EXAM REVIEW COHN
AND ANSWERS
Anatomy definition - CORRECT ANSWER-is the study of the
structures of the body. STRUCTURE
Physiology definition - CORRECT ANSWER-is the study of the
function of the body. FUNCTION
Understand how anatomy and physiology are different subjects,
but are "joined at the hip". - CORRECT ANSWER-You cannot
have anatomy without physiology and vice versa
Gross anatomy definition - CORRECT ANSWER-anatomy that
you can study without the aid of a microscope. You can
physically hold the structure in your hand and see it with the
naked eye. subcategory or anatomy and it is the study of large
body structures.
Histology definition - CORRECT ANSWER-the study of tissues
and it requires the use of light and electron microscopes in
order to see the tissues structures.
what is used to slice tissues in histology? - CORRECT
ANSWER-microtome
Regional anatomy definition - CORRECT ANSWER-"the body
is studied area by area". used in most medical professions
systemic anatomy defintion - CORRECT ANSWER-"the body is
studied system by system". used in introductory classes like
this one.
,What about blending the regional & systemic approaches? -
CORRECT ANSWER-Within each region, all systems are
studied simultaneously.
Are regional and systemic approaches subcategories of gross?
- CORRECT ANSWER-yes, regional is studying the body area
by area. Systemic is studying the body system by system.
How is our course an "integrative" approach? - CORRECT
ANSWER-taking them and forming them together; Relating
structure and function together. you can't study structure
without function
chemical level of A&P - CORRECT ANSWER-atoms combined
to form molecules
cellular level of A&P - CORRECT ANSWER-those molecules
form organelles (such as nucleus & mitochondria) that make up
cells in our body
tissue level of A&P - CORRECT ANSWER-similar cells &
surrounding material make up tissue (such as smooth muscle
tissue)
organ level of A&P - CORRECT ANSWER-different tissues
combine to form organs, like the urinary bladder
Organ definition - CORRECT ANSWER-structure that's
composed of at least 2 tissues and has a specific function.
Ex → urinary bladder has epithelial tissue (innermost),
connective tissue (to provide rigidity), and smooth muscle
tissue
organ system level of A&P - CORRECT ANSWER-organs that
serve the same end function (urinary bladder) make up organ
system.
,Ex- Urinary system consists of the bladder, kidney, ureter,
urethra and they all have a specific function to help excrete
urine.
organism level of A&P - CORRECT ANSWER-organ systems
make up an organism
Know the four major categories of macromolecules. Is this an
oversimplification (hint: molecules in the extracellular matrix of
bone)? - CORRECT ANSWER-Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
nucleic acids
Carbohydrates - CORRECT ANSWER-"organic molecules
composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
and range in size from small to very large." most have a 2:1
ratio of carbon: hydrogen, like water. they are polar solvents.
carbohydrates functions - CORRECT ANSWER-1. they are
parts of other organic molecules.
2. they are broken down to provide energy.
3. when undigested they provide bulk in feces
lipids - CORRECT ANSWER-"major group of organic
molecules that are defined as being relatively insoluble in
water" but dissolved in nonpolar substances like alcohol or
acetone. also "primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen but have a lower ratio of oxygen to carbon than do
carbohydrates."
lipids functions - CORRECT ANSWER-Functions include
protection, insulation, regulation of steroid hormones like
estrogen and testosterone, intake of fat-soluble vitamins, the
structure of cell membranes, and long term storage of energy.
proteins - CORRECT ANSWER-organic macromolecules that
contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
, proteins functions - CORRECT ANSWER-1. regulation :
enzymes control chemical reactions. hormones regulate many
physiological processes.
2. transport: hemoglobin transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
in the blood. plasma proteins transport other substances in the
blood. protein in plasma membranes control the movement of
materials in and out of the cell.
3. protection: antibodies protect against microorganisms and
other foreign substances
4. contraction: actin and myosin in the muscle are responsible
for contraction.
5. structure: collagen fibers form a structural framework in
many parts of the body. keratin adds strength to the skin, hair,
and nails.
6. energy: proteins can be broken down for energy; per unit of
weight they add as much energy as carbohydrates do
nucleic acid - CORRECT ANSWER-a complex organic
substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA,
whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long
chain. composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
phosphorus.
nucleic acids functions - CORRECT ANSWER-store and
transmit genetic information
What elements are among the major categories of
macromolecules? - CORRECT ANSWER-C,O,H,N
What is the prominence of H20 in the body? - CORRECT
ANSWER-Water is the most abundant molecule in the body
and water is about 66% of your body weight.
What is the function of H20 in the body? - CORRECT
ANSWER-Protects body organs and tissues. Carries nutrients
and oxygen to cells. Lubricates joints. Lessens burden the on
kidneys and liver by flushing out waste products
AND ANSWERS
Anatomy definition - CORRECT ANSWER-is the study of the
structures of the body. STRUCTURE
Physiology definition - CORRECT ANSWER-is the study of the
function of the body. FUNCTION
Understand how anatomy and physiology are different subjects,
but are "joined at the hip". - CORRECT ANSWER-You cannot
have anatomy without physiology and vice versa
Gross anatomy definition - CORRECT ANSWER-anatomy that
you can study without the aid of a microscope. You can
physically hold the structure in your hand and see it with the
naked eye. subcategory or anatomy and it is the study of large
body structures.
Histology definition - CORRECT ANSWER-the study of tissues
and it requires the use of light and electron microscopes in
order to see the tissues structures.
what is used to slice tissues in histology? - CORRECT
ANSWER-microtome
Regional anatomy definition - CORRECT ANSWER-"the body
is studied area by area". used in most medical professions
systemic anatomy defintion - CORRECT ANSWER-"the body is
studied system by system". used in introductory classes like
this one.
,What about blending the regional & systemic approaches? -
CORRECT ANSWER-Within each region, all systems are
studied simultaneously.
Are regional and systemic approaches subcategories of gross?
- CORRECT ANSWER-yes, regional is studying the body area
by area. Systemic is studying the body system by system.
How is our course an "integrative" approach? - CORRECT
ANSWER-taking them and forming them together; Relating
structure and function together. you can't study structure
without function
chemical level of A&P - CORRECT ANSWER-atoms combined
to form molecules
cellular level of A&P - CORRECT ANSWER-those molecules
form organelles (such as nucleus & mitochondria) that make up
cells in our body
tissue level of A&P - CORRECT ANSWER-similar cells &
surrounding material make up tissue (such as smooth muscle
tissue)
organ level of A&P - CORRECT ANSWER-different tissues
combine to form organs, like the urinary bladder
Organ definition - CORRECT ANSWER-structure that's
composed of at least 2 tissues and has a specific function.
Ex → urinary bladder has epithelial tissue (innermost),
connective tissue (to provide rigidity), and smooth muscle
tissue
organ system level of A&P - CORRECT ANSWER-organs that
serve the same end function (urinary bladder) make up organ
system.
,Ex- Urinary system consists of the bladder, kidney, ureter,
urethra and they all have a specific function to help excrete
urine.
organism level of A&P - CORRECT ANSWER-organ systems
make up an organism
Know the four major categories of macromolecules. Is this an
oversimplification (hint: molecules in the extracellular matrix of
bone)? - CORRECT ANSWER-Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
nucleic acids
Carbohydrates - CORRECT ANSWER-"organic molecules
composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
and range in size from small to very large." most have a 2:1
ratio of carbon: hydrogen, like water. they are polar solvents.
carbohydrates functions - CORRECT ANSWER-1. they are
parts of other organic molecules.
2. they are broken down to provide energy.
3. when undigested they provide bulk in feces
lipids - CORRECT ANSWER-"major group of organic
molecules that are defined as being relatively insoluble in
water" but dissolved in nonpolar substances like alcohol or
acetone. also "primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen but have a lower ratio of oxygen to carbon than do
carbohydrates."
lipids functions - CORRECT ANSWER-Functions include
protection, insulation, regulation of steroid hormones like
estrogen and testosterone, intake of fat-soluble vitamins, the
structure of cell membranes, and long term storage of energy.
proteins - CORRECT ANSWER-organic macromolecules that
contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
, proteins functions - CORRECT ANSWER-1. regulation :
enzymes control chemical reactions. hormones regulate many
physiological processes.
2. transport: hemoglobin transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
in the blood. plasma proteins transport other substances in the
blood. protein in plasma membranes control the movement of
materials in and out of the cell.
3. protection: antibodies protect against microorganisms and
other foreign substances
4. contraction: actin and myosin in the muscle are responsible
for contraction.
5. structure: collagen fibers form a structural framework in
many parts of the body. keratin adds strength to the skin, hair,
and nails.
6. energy: proteins can be broken down for energy; per unit of
weight they add as much energy as carbohydrates do
nucleic acid - CORRECT ANSWER-a complex organic
substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA,
whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long
chain. composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
phosphorus.
nucleic acids functions - CORRECT ANSWER-store and
transmit genetic information
What elements are among the major categories of
macromolecules? - CORRECT ANSWER-C,O,H,N
What is the prominence of H20 in the body? - CORRECT
ANSWER-Water is the most abundant molecule in the body
and water is about 66% of your body weight.
What is the function of H20 in the body? - CORRECT
ANSWER-Protects body organs and tissues. Carries nutrients
and oxygen to cells. Lubricates joints. Lessens burden the on
kidneys and liver by flushing out waste products
