CHM 219 Module 4 exam with complete
solutions
Organohalides - ANSWER- Organic molecules contains Halogen atoms.
Ex. Algae, Mollusk, sponges, can be industrially used - solvents, insecticides,
herbicides, cleaning fluids, fire retardants, refrigerants. Can also be used as
inhaled anesthetic.
More important in organic chemistry because of theur reactivity.
Two of the most important reaction types typical of organic Halides are.... -
ANSWER- Substitution
Elimination
Substitution Reaction - ANSWER- Replacing the halogen in a molecule with
another atom or functional group.
Elimination - ANSWER- Removes the halogen and hydrogen atoms from the
original substrate molecule creating an unsaturated compound.
Alkyl halide - ANSWER- Aliphatic hydrocarbons that possess one or more
halogen atom substituents.
Aryl Halides - ANSWER- Aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene rings) with one or
more halogen atoms attached to the ring.
Steric Bulk - ANSWER- Structural substitution surrounding any carbon atom that
bears a halogen. Methyl, primary, secondary, tertiary.
Primary Alkyl Halide - ANSWER- Only on e carbon is directly attached to the
carbon bearing the halogen.
, Secondary Alkyl Halid - ANSWER- Two carbons directly attached to the carbon
ring bearing the halogen
Tertiary Alkyl Halide - ANSWER- Three carbons are directly attached to the
carbon bearing the halogen
Methyl halide - ANSWER- Only hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon bearing
the halogen
X - ANSWER- Symbol for generic halogen
Polarization of C-H bond - ANSWER- Carbon will be electron-deficient and thus
hold a slight positive charge and slight negative charge on the halogen
Nucleophilic substitution reaction - ANSWER- Halogen is replaced (substituted
by) a new atom or functional group.
Abbreviated Sn
Functional Group Interconversion - ANSWER- When one type of functional group
(alkyl halide) is converted to another by substitution.
Substrate - ANSWER- Molecule on which the substitution occurs.
Leaving group - ANSWER- Atom or group of atoms that is replaced by another
when substitution occurs
Nucleophile - ANSWER- A chemical species that seeks positive charge due to the
presence of one or more lone pairs present on an atom in the nucleophile
Typical Nucleophiles - O,N,S
Nucleo = nucleus/positive charge
Phile = love
There can be negatively charged nucleophiles (more reactive) or neutral
nucleophiles.
Generic presentation of nucleophile substitution reaction - ANSWER-
Nucleophile: + Substrate-Leaving group —> nucleophile-substrate + leaving
group
Unreactive in nucleophilic substitution reactions - ANSWER- Aryl and vinyl
halides.
solutions
Organohalides - ANSWER- Organic molecules contains Halogen atoms.
Ex. Algae, Mollusk, sponges, can be industrially used - solvents, insecticides,
herbicides, cleaning fluids, fire retardants, refrigerants. Can also be used as
inhaled anesthetic.
More important in organic chemistry because of theur reactivity.
Two of the most important reaction types typical of organic Halides are.... -
ANSWER- Substitution
Elimination
Substitution Reaction - ANSWER- Replacing the halogen in a molecule with
another atom or functional group.
Elimination - ANSWER- Removes the halogen and hydrogen atoms from the
original substrate molecule creating an unsaturated compound.
Alkyl halide - ANSWER- Aliphatic hydrocarbons that possess one or more
halogen atom substituents.
Aryl Halides - ANSWER- Aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene rings) with one or
more halogen atoms attached to the ring.
Steric Bulk - ANSWER- Structural substitution surrounding any carbon atom that
bears a halogen. Methyl, primary, secondary, tertiary.
Primary Alkyl Halide - ANSWER- Only on e carbon is directly attached to the
carbon bearing the halogen.
, Secondary Alkyl Halid - ANSWER- Two carbons directly attached to the carbon
ring bearing the halogen
Tertiary Alkyl Halide - ANSWER- Three carbons are directly attached to the
carbon bearing the halogen
Methyl halide - ANSWER- Only hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon bearing
the halogen
X - ANSWER- Symbol for generic halogen
Polarization of C-H bond - ANSWER- Carbon will be electron-deficient and thus
hold a slight positive charge and slight negative charge on the halogen
Nucleophilic substitution reaction - ANSWER- Halogen is replaced (substituted
by) a new atom or functional group.
Abbreviated Sn
Functional Group Interconversion - ANSWER- When one type of functional group
(alkyl halide) is converted to another by substitution.
Substrate - ANSWER- Molecule on which the substitution occurs.
Leaving group - ANSWER- Atom or group of atoms that is replaced by another
when substitution occurs
Nucleophile - ANSWER- A chemical species that seeks positive charge due to the
presence of one or more lone pairs present on an atom in the nucleophile
Typical Nucleophiles - O,N,S
Nucleo = nucleus/positive charge
Phile = love
There can be negatively charged nucleophiles (more reactive) or neutral
nucleophiles.
Generic presentation of nucleophile substitution reaction - ANSWER-
Nucleophile: + Substrate-Leaving group —> nucleophile-substrate + leaving
group
Unreactive in nucleophilic substitution reactions - ANSWER- Aryl and vinyl
halides.
