ZOO 3603C - Exam 4 Practice Questions With Latest
Solutions
Evo of Regeneration: what do we mean by regeneration at the molecular level? - Correct Answer
constant biochemical turnover, so at this level everything regenerates
Evo of Regeneration: what do we mean by regeneration at the cellular level? - Correct Answer cells are
perfect regenerators, constantly replacing cytoplasm. Constantly replacing red blood cells.
Evo of Regeneration: why types of tissues can be regenerated? - Correct Answer vasculature
skeletal muscle
flexible lungs
liver
Evo of Regeneration: what type of regeneration does the liver experience? - Correct Answer
compensatory hypertrophy
Evo of Regeneration: what is compensatory hypertrophy with the liver? - Correct Answer If you cut
away part of the liver, the rest of the liver expands to make up for it
Evo of Regeneration: Example of regeneration in crabs - Correct Answer crabs can regenerate legs. If
you pull the big claw off, the small claw will become big and it will regenerate a small claw
Evo of Regeneration: what is the major regeneration we are referring too? - Correct Answer generally
referring to an appendage regenerating
Evo of Regeneration: what are the main ideas of how regeneration has been maintained? - Correct
Answer 1) direct selection - adaptive hypothesis
2) pleiotrophy hypothesis
3) phylogenetic inertia hypothesis
4) selection against regeneration
,5) regeneration-specific gene
6) regeneration and cancer
Evo of Regeneration: what is the direct selection/adaptive hypothesis? - Correct Answer -the structure
should be frequently lost in the field
-absence of structure should be important and replacing it will benefit, without high cost
-benefit of replacing lost structure should outweigh cost of regeneration
Evo of Regeneration: examples of direct selection/adaptive hypothesis - Correct Answer lizard tails
ophiuroids - brittle stars
Evo of Regeneration: what are the problems with the direct selection/adaptive hypothesis? - Correct
Answer there are certain structures that it would not be frequently lost in the field, but still can
regenerate
good theory - not universal
Evo of Regeneration: what is the pleiotrophy hypothesis? - Correct Answer -regeneration is tightly
coupled with a related phenomenon
-e.g. asexual reproduction, growth, embryogenesis
Evo of Regeneration: what is the phylogenetic inertia hypothesis? - Correct Answer regeneration is
retained for historical reasons
but should apply to all of the body of the animal
NOT A REAL REASON
Evo of Regeneration: what is the theory of selection against regeneration? - Correct Answer -the reason
why regeneration has been lost in higher vertebrates is because there is selection against it
-invest in not getting caught (better brains, muscular coordination, rapidly fibrous damage to prevent
infections)
, Evo of Regeneration: what is the theory that involves a regeneration-specific gene? - Correct Answer -
gain of regenerative ability hypothesis
Evo of Regeneration: what is the theory involving regeneration and cancer? - Correct Answer
regeneration is a trade off against cancer. Tumor suppressor genes induced during regeneration to allow
proliferation, so stopping them will stop cancer
Evo of Regeneration: what are urodeles? - Correct Answer excellent regenerators
extremely low narwal incidence of tumors
Evo of Regeneration: what are anurans? - Correct Answer worse regenerators, higher incidence of
tumors
Evo of Regeneration: what are mammals? - Correct Answer poor regenerators, high incidence of tumors
Evo of Regeneration: what are the two main types of regeneration? - Correct Answer 1) physiological
regeneration
2) reparative regeneration
Evo of Regeneration: what are the types of reparative regeneration? - Correct Answer compensatory
hypertrophy
morphallaxis
epimorphic regeneration
Evo of Regeneration: what is a physiological regeneration? - Correct Answer all animals do this
replace epidermis from basal cells, replace gut lining, grow hair, grow feathers
Evo of Regeneration: what is compensatory hypertrophy? - Correct Answer liver and lungs.
cut out lobes, lobe will expand to take on metabolic demands of the missing lobe.
Evo of Regeneration: what is morphallaxis? - Correct Answer hydra
Solutions
Evo of Regeneration: what do we mean by regeneration at the molecular level? - Correct Answer
constant biochemical turnover, so at this level everything regenerates
Evo of Regeneration: what do we mean by regeneration at the cellular level? - Correct Answer cells are
perfect regenerators, constantly replacing cytoplasm. Constantly replacing red blood cells.
Evo of Regeneration: why types of tissues can be regenerated? - Correct Answer vasculature
skeletal muscle
flexible lungs
liver
Evo of Regeneration: what type of regeneration does the liver experience? - Correct Answer
compensatory hypertrophy
Evo of Regeneration: what is compensatory hypertrophy with the liver? - Correct Answer If you cut
away part of the liver, the rest of the liver expands to make up for it
Evo of Regeneration: Example of regeneration in crabs - Correct Answer crabs can regenerate legs. If
you pull the big claw off, the small claw will become big and it will regenerate a small claw
Evo of Regeneration: what is the major regeneration we are referring too? - Correct Answer generally
referring to an appendage regenerating
Evo of Regeneration: what are the main ideas of how regeneration has been maintained? - Correct
Answer 1) direct selection - adaptive hypothesis
2) pleiotrophy hypothesis
3) phylogenetic inertia hypothesis
4) selection against regeneration
,5) regeneration-specific gene
6) regeneration and cancer
Evo of Regeneration: what is the direct selection/adaptive hypothesis? - Correct Answer -the structure
should be frequently lost in the field
-absence of structure should be important and replacing it will benefit, without high cost
-benefit of replacing lost structure should outweigh cost of regeneration
Evo of Regeneration: examples of direct selection/adaptive hypothesis - Correct Answer lizard tails
ophiuroids - brittle stars
Evo of Regeneration: what are the problems with the direct selection/adaptive hypothesis? - Correct
Answer there are certain structures that it would not be frequently lost in the field, but still can
regenerate
good theory - not universal
Evo of Regeneration: what is the pleiotrophy hypothesis? - Correct Answer -regeneration is tightly
coupled with a related phenomenon
-e.g. asexual reproduction, growth, embryogenesis
Evo of Regeneration: what is the phylogenetic inertia hypothesis? - Correct Answer regeneration is
retained for historical reasons
but should apply to all of the body of the animal
NOT A REAL REASON
Evo of Regeneration: what is the theory of selection against regeneration? - Correct Answer -the reason
why regeneration has been lost in higher vertebrates is because there is selection against it
-invest in not getting caught (better brains, muscular coordination, rapidly fibrous damage to prevent
infections)
, Evo of Regeneration: what is the theory that involves a regeneration-specific gene? - Correct Answer -
gain of regenerative ability hypothesis
Evo of Regeneration: what is the theory involving regeneration and cancer? - Correct Answer
regeneration is a trade off against cancer. Tumor suppressor genes induced during regeneration to allow
proliferation, so stopping them will stop cancer
Evo of Regeneration: what are urodeles? - Correct Answer excellent regenerators
extremely low narwal incidence of tumors
Evo of Regeneration: what are anurans? - Correct Answer worse regenerators, higher incidence of
tumors
Evo of Regeneration: what are mammals? - Correct Answer poor regenerators, high incidence of tumors
Evo of Regeneration: what are the two main types of regeneration? - Correct Answer 1) physiological
regeneration
2) reparative regeneration
Evo of Regeneration: what are the types of reparative regeneration? - Correct Answer compensatory
hypertrophy
morphallaxis
epimorphic regeneration
Evo of Regeneration: what is a physiological regeneration? - Correct Answer all animals do this
replace epidermis from basal cells, replace gut lining, grow hair, grow feathers
Evo of Regeneration: what is compensatory hypertrophy? - Correct Answer liver and lungs.
cut out lobes, lobe will expand to take on metabolic demands of the missing lobe.
Evo of Regeneration: what is morphallaxis? - Correct Answer hydra
