CHARACTERISTICS OF EUKARYOTES REVIEW
TOPICS:
- Eukaryotic cells are bigger and more complex than prokaryotic cells
- External: appendages
Flagella - tail
used to move cell around and hang onto things
made of microtubules
Cilia - hairlike structures
used to move cell around and pull food towards it
made of microtubules
* both prokaryotes and eukaryotes can have flagella that provide the same function
but are structurally different, prokaryotes do not have cilia
Glycocalyx - slime layer acting in the same way as prokaryotes
some eukaryotes like protozoa and fungi are able to form biofilms
with prokaryotic bacteria
- Cell boundary:
Cell Wall - not all eukaryotic cells have cell walls, the ones that do are made of chitin
or cellulose or pectin
Prokaryotic cell walls made of peptidoglycan
Cell membrane - made of phospholipid bilayer and proteins (integral and peripheral
proteins, receptors) that function in the same way prokaryotic cells do
incorporation of sterols makes the cell hold its shape and makes it
flexible
- Internal:
Cystol/Cytoplasm: aqueous environment inside the cell
same functions as prokaryotes but also made from
microtubules that are just features of eukaryotes
Cytoskeleton: provides structural support to the cell
links to different organelles within the cell providing a highway
(transports particles around cell)
made of microfilaments (actin), intermediate fibers, microtubules
critical to eukaryotic growth, development, reproduction, pulls apart
chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis
sometimes involved in locomotion (pseudopods)
, Nucleus: made of two membranes (nuclear envelope and the nucleolus) and filled
with nucleoplasm
command center of the cell
holds genetic information stored as chromatin (DNA wrapped around
histones)
a nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleolus and has pores that regulate what
enters and exits the nucleus
ribosomal genes are being transcribed in the nucleolus
outer part of the nuclear membrane pinches off to form the endoplasmic
reticulum
Rough endoplasmic reticulum: studded with ribosomes
make proteins that either end up in other organelles/
plasma within the cell or are taken out of the cell
all proteins made in the rough ER will travel to the
Golgi apparatus in transitional vesicles before their final destination
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: looks like a series of tubes from an aerial point of
view
makes lipids
detoxifies bad molecules
stores lots of calcium
Golgi apparatus: packages proteins and lipids made in the rough and smooth ER
and takes them to their final destination via condensing vesicles
Free ribosomes: float around in cytoplasm of cell
80s ribosomes
Mitochondria: main function is to produce ATP
has two lipid bilayer membranes —> outer helps with structure
(sterols), inner has lots of surface area for electron chain transport
have its own 70s ribosomes internally —> make their own proteins
has its own DNA in a circular genome
internal aqueous environment called the mitochondrial matrix
- Exocytosis = stuff inside the cell membrane is dumped outside the cell membrane through
fusion (membrane of vesicle binds with the plasma membrane and spits out the particle)
- Endocytosis = allows eukaryote to wrap part of its cell membrane around external
particle and bring it inside the cell
Phagocytosis allows eukaryotic cells to consume and digest food by
enveloping the external particle, wrapping it up in a food vacuole and fuzing that vacuole
with a lysosome to help digest and keep nutrients in cell
TOPICS:
- Eukaryotic cells are bigger and more complex than prokaryotic cells
- External: appendages
Flagella - tail
used to move cell around and hang onto things
made of microtubules
Cilia - hairlike structures
used to move cell around and pull food towards it
made of microtubules
* both prokaryotes and eukaryotes can have flagella that provide the same function
but are structurally different, prokaryotes do not have cilia
Glycocalyx - slime layer acting in the same way as prokaryotes
some eukaryotes like protozoa and fungi are able to form biofilms
with prokaryotic bacteria
- Cell boundary:
Cell Wall - not all eukaryotic cells have cell walls, the ones that do are made of chitin
or cellulose or pectin
Prokaryotic cell walls made of peptidoglycan
Cell membrane - made of phospholipid bilayer and proteins (integral and peripheral
proteins, receptors) that function in the same way prokaryotic cells do
incorporation of sterols makes the cell hold its shape and makes it
flexible
- Internal:
Cystol/Cytoplasm: aqueous environment inside the cell
same functions as prokaryotes but also made from
microtubules that are just features of eukaryotes
Cytoskeleton: provides structural support to the cell
links to different organelles within the cell providing a highway
(transports particles around cell)
made of microfilaments (actin), intermediate fibers, microtubules
critical to eukaryotic growth, development, reproduction, pulls apart
chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis
sometimes involved in locomotion (pseudopods)
, Nucleus: made of two membranes (nuclear envelope and the nucleolus) and filled
with nucleoplasm
command center of the cell
holds genetic information stored as chromatin (DNA wrapped around
histones)
a nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleolus and has pores that regulate what
enters and exits the nucleus
ribosomal genes are being transcribed in the nucleolus
outer part of the nuclear membrane pinches off to form the endoplasmic
reticulum
Rough endoplasmic reticulum: studded with ribosomes
make proteins that either end up in other organelles/
plasma within the cell or are taken out of the cell
all proteins made in the rough ER will travel to the
Golgi apparatus in transitional vesicles before their final destination
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: looks like a series of tubes from an aerial point of
view
makes lipids
detoxifies bad molecules
stores lots of calcium
Golgi apparatus: packages proteins and lipids made in the rough and smooth ER
and takes them to their final destination via condensing vesicles
Free ribosomes: float around in cytoplasm of cell
80s ribosomes
Mitochondria: main function is to produce ATP
has two lipid bilayer membranes —> outer helps with structure
(sterols), inner has lots of surface area for electron chain transport
have its own 70s ribosomes internally —> make their own proteins
has its own DNA in a circular genome
internal aqueous environment called the mitochondrial matrix
- Exocytosis = stuff inside the cell membrane is dumped outside the cell membrane through
fusion (membrane of vesicle binds with the plasma membrane and spits out the particle)
- Endocytosis = allows eukaryote to wrap part of its cell membrane around external
particle and bring it inside the cell
Phagocytosis allows eukaryotic cells to consume and digest food by
enveloping the external particle, wrapping it up in a food vacuole and fuzing that vacuole
with a lysosome to help digest and keep nutrients in cell
