MICR271 Exam Questions| Already
Answered| GRADED A+
the endosymbiont theory - ANSWER-what theory supports evolutionary connections between
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
a microscopic living organism (single celled or multicellular) - ANSWER-what is a microbe
the presence of membrane bound organelles in eukaryotic cells - ANSWER-What is the major difference
between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
bacteria, archaea, and eukaryota - ANSWER-What are the three domains of life
It states that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes based on similarities found between bacteria and
mitochondria - ANSWER-What is the endosymbiont hypothesis and what is it based on
1. contain their own data
2. distinct translation system - ANSWER-What are the two key differences between
mitochondria/chloroplasts and other organelles in cells
alpha-proteobacteria - ANSWER-What kind of bacteria is thought to be the ancestor of mitochondria
hypothesizes that a cell phagocytosed an alpha-proteobacterium - ANSWER-Describe the archezoan
scenario
the original phylogenetic analysis accidentally placed branches of eukaryotic protists at the base of the
tree of life, suggesting early mitochondrial incorporation - ANSWER-Why has the archezoan scenario
fallen out of favour
states that the complexity of the eukaryotic cell and its defining features emerged after mitochondrial
symbiosis (next came evolution of the nucleus and compartmentalization) - ANSWER-What is the
symbiogenesis scenario
,genetic distinctions - ANSWER-What are phylogenetics
because the more similar organisms are, the closer their genetic relationships - ANSWER-Why does
studying genetic similarities help us understand evolutionary relationships
rRNA data - ANSWER-What did initial efforts to map phylogenetic relationships rely on
the phylogeny of organisms and the history of organismal lineages as they change through time -
ANSWER-What does the Tree of Life represent
the close relationship between archaea and eukaryota - ANSWER-What was a major finding from the
1987 Tree of Life
eukaryota - ANSWER-Which domain has a nucleus
bacteria: 3-4 subunits
archaea: 8-12 subunits
eukaryota: 12-14 subunits - ANSWER-How long are RNA polymerase in each domain
bacteria and archaea have 70, eukaryotes have 80 - ANSWER-What domains have 70S versus 80S
ribosomes
bacteria - ANSWER-What domain has murein in the cell wall
Archaea - ANSWER-What domain is viewed as an intermediate between bacteria and eukaryota
the ability to sequence vast amounts of DNA - ANSWER-What allowed for the phylogenomic tree of life
eukaryota - ANSWER-is archaea more closesly related to eukaryota or bacteria
,many organisms will only grow in complex environments - ANSWER-why have some organisms never
been grown in pure culture in a labratory setting despite being sequenced and analyzed
the large extent of horizontal gene transfer always occurring between unicellular organisms - ANSWER-
What do the links within the web of life symbolize
genetic exchange (HGT) distributes genetic information - ANSWER-What does it means to say evolution
of life on earth is not strictly linear
a community of common ancestral organisms rather than a single prototype - ANSWER-what does the
concept of a web versus a tree of life emphasize
a parasite that cannot reproduce outside a host cell; their reproduction is entirely reliant on intracellular
resources - ANSWER-What does it mean to say viruses are obligate intracellular parasites
viral genes - ANSWER-Is cellular life or viral genes more diverse
this is still a debate - ANSWER-Are viruses alive
cells use double stranded DNA but viruses use a variety of techniques such as RNA replication and
reverse transcription - ANSWER-Describe the difference between the viral and cellular replication
a virion- a complete virus particle - ANSWER-What are viruses referred to when not inside a host
genetic material, capsid, and sometimes an envelope - ANSWER-What aren the 2/3 components of a
virion
Proposes that viruses are ancestral to cells - ANSWER-What is the virus first theory
macromolecules - ANSWER-according to the virus first theory, what did viruses evolve from
, self replicating units of RNA, as we know that ribozymes have enzymatic properties and can catalyze
chemical reactions - ANSWER-According to the virus first theory, what macromolecules would likely
have become viral lineages
the theory that cells came before viruses, and that viruses are derived from bits of cellular RNA or DNA
fragments that leaked from cells and acquired a protein coat, becoming independent entities - ANSWER-
What is the escape theory
retrotransposons, which are small regions of DNA encoding reverse transcriptase (allows for RNA to be
transcribed into DNA and then integrated into ma new location in the genome). - ANSWER-according to
the escape theory, what genetic elements did viruses likely derive from, and what are those
during cell fission a vesicle could have formed, engulfing self replicating RNA with a coat encoding
segment. - ANSWER-According to the escape theory, how would retrotransposons have become viruses
that viruses come from small primordial cells called protocells that lost cellular elements - ANSWER-
What does the reduction theory propose
viral genome integration and lysogeny. - ANSWER-Some viruses are capable of incorporating into the
host genome. What is this called in animals and bacteria.
because they are incapable or replicating on their own - ANSWER-Why is there a debate surrounding
whether viruses are alive
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species - ANSWER-How are bacteria classified
a group of organisms capable of reproducing sexually - ANSWER-How is "species" defined for bacteria
order, family, subfamily, genus, species - ANSWER-How are viruses classifed
every possible metabolic niche - ANSWER-What kind of environment can microbes occupy
Answered| GRADED A+
the endosymbiont theory - ANSWER-what theory supports evolutionary connections between
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
a microscopic living organism (single celled or multicellular) - ANSWER-what is a microbe
the presence of membrane bound organelles in eukaryotic cells - ANSWER-What is the major difference
between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
bacteria, archaea, and eukaryota - ANSWER-What are the three domains of life
It states that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes based on similarities found between bacteria and
mitochondria - ANSWER-What is the endosymbiont hypothesis and what is it based on
1. contain their own data
2. distinct translation system - ANSWER-What are the two key differences between
mitochondria/chloroplasts and other organelles in cells
alpha-proteobacteria - ANSWER-What kind of bacteria is thought to be the ancestor of mitochondria
hypothesizes that a cell phagocytosed an alpha-proteobacterium - ANSWER-Describe the archezoan
scenario
the original phylogenetic analysis accidentally placed branches of eukaryotic protists at the base of the
tree of life, suggesting early mitochondrial incorporation - ANSWER-Why has the archezoan scenario
fallen out of favour
states that the complexity of the eukaryotic cell and its defining features emerged after mitochondrial
symbiosis (next came evolution of the nucleus and compartmentalization) - ANSWER-What is the
symbiogenesis scenario
,genetic distinctions - ANSWER-What are phylogenetics
because the more similar organisms are, the closer their genetic relationships - ANSWER-Why does
studying genetic similarities help us understand evolutionary relationships
rRNA data - ANSWER-What did initial efforts to map phylogenetic relationships rely on
the phylogeny of organisms and the history of organismal lineages as they change through time -
ANSWER-What does the Tree of Life represent
the close relationship between archaea and eukaryota - ANSWER-What was a major finding from the
1987 Tree of Life
eukaryota - ANSWER-Which domain has a nucleus
bacteria: 3-4 subunits
archaea: 8-12 subunits
eukaryota: 12-14 subunits - ANSWER-How long are RNA polymerase in each domain
bacteria and archaea have 70, eukaryotes have 80 - ANSWER-What domains have 70S versus 80S
ribosomes
bacteria - ANSWER-What domain has murein in the cell wall
Archaea - ANSWER-What domain is viewed as an intermediate between bacteria and eukaryota
the ability to sequence vast amounts of DNA - ANSWER-What allowed for the phylogenomic tree of life
eukaryota - ANSWER-is archaea more closesly related to eukaryota or bacteria
,many organisms will only grow in complex environments - ANSWER-why have some organisms never
been grown in pure culture in a labratory setting despite being sequenced and analyzed
the large extent of horizontal gene transfer always occurring between unicellular organisms - ANSWER-
What do the links within the web of life symbolize
genetic exchange (HGT) distributes genetic information - ANSWER-What does it means to say evolution
of life on earth is not strictly linear
a community of common ancestral organisms rather than a single prototype - ANSWER-what does the
concept of a web versus a tree of life emphasize
a parasite that cannot reproduce outside a host cell; their reproduction is entirely reliant on intracellular
resources - ANSWER-What does it mean to say viruses are obligate intracellular parasites
viral genes - ANSWER-Is cellular life or viral genes more diverse
this is still a debate - ANSWER-Are viruses alive
cells use double stranded DNA but viruses use a variety of techniques such as RNA replication and
reverse transcription - ANSWER-Describe the difference between the viral and cellular replication
a virion- a complete virus particle - ANSWER-What are viruses referred to when not inside a host
genetic material, capsid, and sometimes an envelope - ANSWER-What aren the 2/3 components of a
virion
Proposes that viruses are ancestral to cells - ANSWER-What is the virus first theory
macromolecules - ANSWER-according to the virus first theory, what did viruses evolve from
, self replicating units of RNA, as we know that ribozymes have enzymatic properties and can catalyze
chemical reactions - ANSWER-According to the virus first theory, what macromolecules would likely
have become viral lineages
the theory that cells came before viruses, and that viruses are derived from bits of cellular RNA or DNA
fragments that leaked from cells and acquired a protein coat, becoming independent entities - ANSWER-
What is the escape theory
retrotransposons, which are small regions of DNA encoding reverse transcriptase (allows for RNA to be
transcribed into DNA and then integrated into ma new location in the genome). - ANSWER-according to
the escape theory, what genetic elements did viruses likely derive from, and what are those
during cell fission a vesicle could have formed, engulfing self replicating RNA with a coat encoding
segment. - ANSWER-According to the escape theory, how would retrotransposons have become viruses
that viruses come from small primordial cells called protocells that lost cellular elements - ANSWER-
What does the reduction theory propose
viral genome integration and lysogeny. - ANSWER-Some viruses are capable of incorporating into the
host genome. What is this called in animals and bacteria.
because they are incapable or replicating on their own - ANSWER-Why is there a debate surrounding
whether viruses are alive
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species - ANSWER-How are bacteria classified
a group of organisms capable of reproducing sexually - ANSWER-How is "species" defined for bacteria
order, family, subfamily, genus, species - ANSWER-How are viruses classifed
every possible metabolic niche - ANSWER-What kind of environment can microbes occupy
