CRA: CERTIFIED RETINAL ANGIOGRAPHY EXAM
What is the order of aqueous humor flow? - Answers -Ciliary body > posterior chamber
> pupil > anterior chamber > trabecular meshwork (filtration angle) > Schlemms cancal
> episcleral blood vessels
What structure in the eye produces aqueous humor? - Answers -ciliary body
What muscles contracts the pupil? - Answers -circular sphincter
What muscles dilate the pupil? - Answers -Radial dilator
What are the layers of the retina in order? - Answers -ILM > RNFL > GCL > IPL > INL >
OPL > ONL > Photoreceptor > RPE > Choroid
What are photoreceptors in the eye? - Answers -sensory cell that responds to light rods
and cones responsible for perception of black and white and color vision
Does the fovea consist of rods or cone receptor cells? - Answers -Cones
What are cone photoreceptors responsible for? - Answers -Color vision
What are rod photoreceptor cells responsible for? - Answers -dim light night vision and
black and white vision
What are the four layers of the choroid? - Answers -Hallers > Sattlers >
Choriocapillaries > Bruchs membrane
what is the difference between veins and arteries and how to tell them apart on fundus
image? - Answers -Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart supplying
blood to the body, while veins carry deoxygenated blood rich in waste product through
the liver and kidneys to the heart - Arteries look pale while veins are deep red in color
The eye uses ___________ in the blood to the feed the retina and provide oxygen to
the eye. - Answers -Glucose
What does systemic mean? - Answers -disease that affects the whole body rather than
a single organ or part of the body, ex. dm, hypertension, ocular ischemic syndrome
What is not an example of a systemic disease in the eye?
A. Diabetes
B. Hypertension
C. AMD
D. Ocular ischmic syndrome - Answers -C. AMD
, What does it mean to have a vascular disease? - Answers -Disease affecting blood
vessels
What are 6 examples of vascular eye diseases? - Answers -AMD, CME, CRVO, CRAO,
BRAVO, BRAO, DM
Retinitis pigmentosa, glaucoma, keratoconus, corneal dystrophy and color blindness are
all examples of what type of eye disorder / disease? - Answers -Hereditary or congenital
Identify the disease seen in the image? - Answers -Diabetic retinopathy
What are the two types of diabetic retinopathy? - Answers -Proliferative and non-
proliferative
What is proliferative diabetic retinopathy PDR? - Answers -Advanced stage diabetic
retinopathy when neovascularization has occured
What is non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy NPDR? - Answers -Diabetic retinopathy
without neovascularization
Myopia - Answers -nearsightedness
Hyperopia - Answers -farsightedness
What are four key identifiers of DR? - Answers -Neovascularization, hemorrhages,
cotton wool spots, hard exudates
What are difference between AMD and DR on fundus image? - Answers -AMD you will
see drusen most often centrally near macula. AMD only affects central vision. DR you
will see hemorrhages, neovascularization, cotton wool spots, hard exudates and affects
central as well as peripheral vision.
What does AMD look like on fundus image? - Answers -Drusen can be seen most often
centrally on fundus image
What is a vascular occlusion in eye? - Answers -Blockage of blood to the retina, causing
sudden permanent loss of vision in affected eye
What is a CRVO and what does it look like on fundus image? - Answers -Blood clot
occurs in central vein supplying blood to retina, you will see hemorrhages through
entirety of fundus image, tortuous retinal veins
What is a CRAO and what does it look like on fundus image? - Answers -Blood clot
occurs in central artery supplying blood to retina, you will see retinal whitening through
What is the order of aqueous humor flow? - Answers -Ciliary body > posterior chamber
> pupil > anterior chamber > trabecular meshwork (filtration angle) > Schlemms cancal
> episcleral blood vessels
What structure in the eye produces aqueous humor? - Answers -ciliary body
What muscles contracts the pupil? - Answers -circular sphincter
What muscles dilate the pupil? - Answers -Radial dilator
What are the layers of the retina in order? - Answers -ILM > RNFL > GCL > IPL > INL >
OPL > ONL > Photoreceptor > RPE > Choroid
What are photoreceptors in the eye? - Answers -sensory cell that responds to light rods
and cones responsible for perception of black and white and color vision
Does the fovea consist of rods or cone receptor cells? - Answers -Cones
What are cone photoreceptors responsible for? - Answers -Color vision
What are rod photoreceptor cells responsible for? - Answers -dim light night vision and
black and white vision
What are the four layers of the choroid? - Answers -Hallers > Sattlers >
Choriocapillaries > Bruchs membrane
what is the difference between veins and arteries and how to tell them apart on fundus
image? - Answers -Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart supplying
blood to the body, while veins carry deoxygenated blood rich in waste product through
the liver and kidneys to the heart - Arteries look pale while veins are deep red in color
The eye uses ___________ in the blood to the feed the retina and provide oxygen to
the eye. - Answers -Glucose
What does systemic mean? - Answers -disease that affects the whole body rather than
a single organ or part of the body, ex. dm, hypertension, ocular ischemic syndrome
What is not an example of a systemic disease in the eye?
A. Diabetes
B. Hypertension
C. AMD
D. Ocular ischmic syndrome - Answers -C. AMD
, What does it mean to have a vascular disease? - Answers -Disease affecting blood
vessels
What are 6 examples of vascular eye diseases? - Answers -AMD, CME, CRVO, CRAO,
BRAVO, BRAO, DM
Retinitis pigmentosa, glaucoma, keratoconus, corneal dystrophy and color blindness are
all examples of what type of eye disorder / disease? - Answers -Hereditary or congenital
Identify the disease seen in the image? - Answers -Diabetic retinopathy
What are the two types of diabetic retinopathy? - Answers -Proliferative and non-
proliferative
What is proliferative diabetic retinopathy PDR? - Answers -Advanced stage diabetic
retinopathy when neovascularization has occured
What is non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy NPDR? - Answers -Diabetic retinopathy
without neovascularization
Myopia - Answers -nearsightedness
Hyperopia - Answers -farsightedness
What are four key identifiers of DR? - Answers -Neovascularization, hemorrhages,
cotton wool spots, hard exudates
What are difference between AMD and DR on fundus image? - Answers -AMD you will
see drusen most often centrally near macula. AMD only affects central vision. DR you
will see hemorrhages, neovascularization, cotton wool spots, hard exudates and affects
central as well as peripheral vision.
What does AMD look like on fundus image? - Answers -Drusen can be seen most often
centrally on fundus image
What is a vascular occlusion in eye? - Answers -Blockage of blood to the retina, causing
sudden permanent loss of vision in affected eye
What is a CRVO and what does it look like on fundus image? - Answers -Blood clot
occurs in central vein supplying blood to retina, you will see hemorrhages through
entirety of fundus image, tortuous retinal veins
What is a CRAO and what does it look like on fundus image? - Answers -Blood clot
occurs in central artery supplying blood to retina, you will see retinal whitening through
