WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
STUDY GUIDE WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
Pressure that is due to albumin in the bloodstream? - ANSWER- Oncotic
Oncotic - ANSWER- a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins
In the blood, _____ is the most common plasma protein and is, therefore, a
primary determinant of oncotic pressure - ANSWER- albumin
_____ controls osmotic pressure in vascular system, builds volume - ANSWER-
Albumin
One question was about the difference in children and adult immunity -
ANSWER- Possible answer: naive T cells
Learning check question: Which differences in immunity make children and
older adult patients more susceptible to infections? Choose 2 answers
Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection
Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells
Older adult patients have more memory cells to combat infection
Younger patients have a large population of naive T cells
Older adult patients have a large population of naive T cells - ANSWER-
Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection
Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells
,Rationale: younger patients have not been exposed to many pathogens,
which means that they have fewer memory cells than adults. The primary
immune response is relatively weak compared to a secondary response
mediated by memory cells.
Older adult patients do not have as many T cells compared to younger
patients. When these patients encounter novel pathogens, the reduced
number of naive T cells gives clonal selection fewer opportunities to "find" T
cells that will be effective.
Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by _______, which regulates actions
such as thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS. - ANSWER- osmoreceptors
Fluid deficit causes - ANSWER- -Excessive loss
-Inadequate intake
-Or combination of both
Fluid deficit risk factors - ANSWER- -Vomiting/diarrhea
-Excessive sweating
-Insufficient water intake
Fluid deficit manifestations - ANSWER- -dry mucous membranes
-decreased skin turgor
-decreased urine output
-low blood pressure
-tachycardia
-confusion
ROME for ABGs - ANSWER- Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal
If pH and pCO2 are moving in opposite directions, then it is pCO2 levels that
are causing the imbalance and it is respiratory in nature
If they are moving the same direction then it is metabolic in nature
Buffers, renal compensation, and respiratory compensation help to maintain
a blood pH of _______ - ANSWER- 7.35-7.45
A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting has an elevated CO2 level
and a blood pH of 7.53. She is breathing slowly. What condition does the
patient have?
,Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis - ANSWER- Metabolic alkalosis
The patient's pH and CO2 level are both elevating (moving in the same
direction). This indicates metabolic alkalosis. The CO2 level is high because
her respiratory system is attempting to compensate for the high pH by
exhaling less and retaining more CO2
To prevent changes in pH, the body employs buffer systems. The body
utilizes 3 buffer systems: - ANSWER- proteins, phosphates, and the carbonic
acid-bicarbonate system
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system first line of defense is _____, second line of
defense is _____ - ANSWER- respirations; kidneys
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system equation - ANSWER- The equation moves
in both directions
CABS Equation:
When CO2 levels are elevated, the equation moves ________, forming more
H+ and HCO3- ions - ANSWER- toward the right
CABS Equation:
When H+ ions are elevated, the equation moves _____, as H+ ions are
converted to CO2 and the CO2 is exhaled. - ANSWER- toward the left
CO2 levels - ANSWER- 35-45
HCO3 levels - ANSWER- 22-26
Michael's pulmonary edema leads to respiratory acidosis. How does pH
impact Michael's basal metabolic panel? Choose 3 answers.
His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from
the bloodstream.
, His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get
it out of the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
His calcium level is reduced because the elevated concentration of H+
makes it easier for Ca+ to bind to albumin.
His CO2 level is decreased because his lungs have difficulty adding it into the
bloodstream - ANSWER- His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have
difficulty removing it from the bloodstream.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get
it out of the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
There is a question about hypoventilation or hyperventilation - ANSWER-
Metabolic acidosis pH <7.35 = respirations increase in depth and rate to
blow off CO2
Metabolic alkalosis pH >7.45 = respirations slow down to increase CO2
retention
Respiratory acidosis = excess CO2 has accumulated which is generating H+
Respiratory alkalosis = lungs blow off too much CO2, creating less H+ in
blood
What is excreted in response to fluid volume overload? - ANSWER-
Natriuretic peptides
Natriuretic peptides - ANSWER- hormonal signals released by the brain and
heart in response to excess fluid in the body
Natriuretic peptides signals _____ urine output and ____ fluid volume -
ANSWER- increase; reduce
A hormonal panel was done on a patient with congestive heart failure and
fluid volume overload. Which elevated hormone on the patient's chart is
STUDY GUIDE WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
Pressure that is due to albumin in the bloodstream? - ANSWER- Oncotic
Oncotic - ANSWER- a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins
In the blood, _____ is the most common plasma protein and is, therefore, a
primary determinant of oncotic pressure - ANSWER- albumin
_____ controls osmotic pressure in vascular system, builds volume - ANSWER-
Albumin
One question was about the difference in children and adult immunity -
ANSWER- Possible answer: naive T cells
Learning check question: Which differences in immunity make children and
older adult patients more susceptible to infections? Choose 2 answers
Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection
Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells
Older adult patients have more memory cells to combat infection
Younger patients have a large population of naive T cells
Older adult patients have a large population of naive T cells - ANSWER-
Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection
Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells
,Rationale: younger patients have not been exposed to many pathogens,
which means that they have fewer memory cells than adults. The primary
immune response is relatively weak compared to a secondary response
mediated by memory cells.
Older adult patients do not have as many T cells compared to younger
patients. When these patients encounter novel pathogens, the reduced
number of naive T cells gives clonal selection fewer opportunities to "find" T
cells that will be effective.
Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by _______, which regulates actions
such as thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS. - ANSWER- osmoreceptors
Fluid deficit causes - ANSWER- -Excessive loss
-Inadequate intake
-Or combination of both
Fluid deficit risk factors - ANSWER- -Vomiting/diarrhea
-Excessive sweating
-Insufficient water intake
Fluid deficit manifestations - ANSWER- -dry mucous membranes
-decreased skin turgor
-decreased urine output
-low blood pressure
-tachycardia
-confusion
ROME for ABGs - ANSWER- Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal
If pH and pCO2 are moving in opposite directions, then it is pCO2 levels that
are causing the imbalance and it is respiratory in nature
If they are moving the same direction then it is metabolic in nature
Buffers, renal compensation, and respiratory compensation help to maintain
a blood pH of _______ - ANSWER- 7.35-7.45
A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting has an elevated CO2 level
and a blood pH of 7.53. She is breathing slowly. What condition does the
patient have?
,Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis - ANSWER- Metabolic alkalosis
The patient's pH and CO2 level are both elevating (moving in the same
direction). This indicates metabolic alkalosis. The CO2 level is high because
her respiratory system is attempting to compensate for the high pH by
exhaling less and retaining more CO2
To prevent changes in pH, the body employs buffer systems. The body
utilizes 3 buffer systems: - ANSWER- proteins, phosphates, and the carbonic
acid-bicarbonate system
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system first line of defense is _____, second line of
defense is _____ - ANSWER- respirations; kidneys
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system equation - ANSWER- The equation moves
in both directions
CABS Equation:
When CO2 levels are elevated, the equation moves ________, forming more
H+ and HCO3- ions - ANSWER- toward the right
CABS Equation:
When H+ ions are elevated, the equation moves _____, as H+ ions are
converted to CO2 and the CO2 is exhaled. - ANSWER- toward the left
CO2 levels - ANSWER- 35-45
HCO3 levels - ANSWER- 22-26
Michael's pulmonary edema leads to respiratory acidosis. How does pH
impact Michael's basal metabolic panel? Choose 3 answers.
His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from
the bloodstream.
, His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get
it out of the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
His calcium level is reduced because the elevated concentration of H+
makes it easier for Ca+ to bind to albumin.
His CO2 level is decreased because his lungs have difficulty adding it into the
bloodstream - ANSWER- His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have
difficulty removing it from the bloodstream.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get
it out of the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
There is a question about hypoventilation or hyperventilation - ANSWER-
Metabolic acidosis pH <7.35 = respirations increase in depth and rate to
blow off CO2
Metabolic alkalosis pH >7.45 = respirations slow down to increase CO2
retention
Respiratory acidosis = excess CO2 has accumulated which is generating H+
Respiratory alkalosis = lungs blow off too much CO2, creating less H+ in
blood
What is excreted in response to fluid volume overload? - ANSWER-
Natriuretic peptides
Natriuretic peptides - ANSWER- hormonal signals released by the brain and
heart in response to excess fluid in the body
Natriuretic peptides signals _____ urine output and ____ fluid volume -
ANSWER- increase; reduce
A hormonal panel was done on a patient with congestive heart failure and
fluid volume overload. Which elevated hormone on the patient's chart is
