CHILD GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE ANSWERS
Id - Answer-in psychoanalytic theory, the earliest and most primitive personality
structure. It is unconscious and operates with the goal of seeking pleasure. Freud.
Ego - Answer-in psychoanalytic theory, the second personality structure to develop. It is
the rational, logical, problem-solving component of personality. Freud
Superego - Answer-in psychoanalytic theory, the third personality structure, consisting
of internalized moral standards. Freud.
psychosexual stages - Answer-Oral stage: Birth-1 year, mouth
Anal stage: 1 year- 3 years, bowl and bladder elimination
Phallic: 3-6 years, genitalia
Latency: 6-puberty, dormant sexual feelings
Genital: puberty- death sexual interests mature
Freud.
Psychosocial stages - Answer-In Erikson's theory, the developmental stages refer to
eight major challenges that appear successively across the lifespan, which require an
individual to rethink his or her goals and relationships with others.
Traditional Behaviorism - Answer-The original behavioral worldview that focused on
charting and modifying only "objective," visible behaviors.
Classic Conditioning - Answer-learning to associate two stimuli, even unrelated stimuli,
beyond the organism's control; involuntary; neutral stimulus can be made to trigger an
unconditioned stimulus; Pavlov's dog salivation experiment (ex. dogs salivate at tone)
Social Learning Theory - Answer-the theory that we learn social behavior by observing
and imitating and by being rewarded or punished Bandura
Reciprocal Determinism - Answer-Bandura's idea that though our environment affects
us, we also affect our environment
Social Cognition - Answer-How people think about themselves and the social world, or
more specifically, how people select, interpret, remember and use social information to
make judgments and decisions. Selman
, info processing theory of social problem - Answer-speed of information processing,
faster reaction times linked with higher IQ, biological faster CNS functioning and higher
IQ, speed differences may be inborn Dodge
Theory of self attributions and achievement motivation - Answer-Carol Dweck and
others have Identified two implicit theories of intelligence. Those learners who have an
"entity" theory view intelligence as being an unchangeable, fixed internal characteristic.
Those who have an "incremental" theory believe that their intelligence is malleable and
can be increased through effort.
ecological theories - Answer-includes ecological approach and person-in-environment.
globalization has reinforced this approach
ethology - Answer-An approach concerned with the adaptive, or survival, value of
behavior and its evolutionary history
evolutionary - Answer-A relatively new specialty in psychology that sees behavior and
mental processes in terms of their genetic adaptations for survival and reproduction.
microsystem - Answer-Family, school, friends, church
mesosystem - Answer-relationship between microsystems (ex: peer groups can alter a
childs performance if causing wrong choices)
exosystem - Answer-According to Branfenbrenner, the socioeconomic context that
includes institutions of the culture that affect the children's development indirectly.
macrosystem - Answer-Consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources.
chronosystem - Answer-In Bronfenbrenner's bioecological approach, the system that
captures the way changes in environmental systems, such as social trends and life
events, are patterned over a person's lifetime.
bidirectional effects - Answer-children are not only affected by their parents but children
affect their parents in return
oral stage - Answer-(Frued) The first sexual and social stage of an infant's development
(from about age 0 to 1). Libidinal energy is centered around the mouth.
anal stage - Answer-(psychoanalysis) the second sexual and social stage of a child's
development during which bowel control is learned
phallic stage - Answer-(psychoanalysis) the third stage in a child's development when
awareness of and manipulation of the genitals is supposed to be a primary source of
pleasure
FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE ANSWERS
Id - Answer-in psychoanalytic theory, the earliest and most primitive personality
structure. It is unconscious and operates with the goal of seeking pleasure. Freud.
Ego - Answer-in psychoanalytic theory, the second personality structure to develop. It is
the rational, logical, problem-solving component of personality. Freud
Superego - Answer-in psychoanalytic theory, the third personality structure, consisting
of internalized moral standards. Freud.
psychosexual stages - Answer-Oral stage: Birth-1 year, mouth
Anal stage: 1 year- 3 years, bowl and bladder elimination
Phallic: 3-6 years, genitalia
Latency: 6-puberty, dormant sexual feelings
Genital: puberty- death sexual interests mature
Freud.
Psychosocial stages - Answer-In Erikson's theory, the developmental stages refer to
eight major challenges that appear successively across the lifespan, which require an
individual to rethink his or her goals and relationships with others.
Traditional Behaviorism - Answer-The original behavioral worldview that focused on
charting and modifying only "objective," visible behaviors.
Classic Conditioning - Answer-learning to associate two stimuli, even unrelated stimuli,
beyond the organism's control; involuntary; neutral stimulus can be made to trigger an
unconditioned stimulus; Pavlov's dog salivation experiment (ex. dogs salivate at tone)
Social Learning Theory - Answer-the theory that we learn social behavior by observing
and imitating and by being rewarded or punished Bandura
Reciprocal Determinism - Answer-Bandura's idea that though our environment affects
us, we also affect our environment
Social Cognition - Answer-How people think about themselves and the social world, or
more specifically, how people select, interpret, remember and use social information to
make judgments and decisions. Selman
, info processing theory of social problem - Answer-speed of information processing,
faster reaction times linked with higher IQ, biological faster CNS functioning and higher
IQ, speed differences may be inborn Dodge
Theory of self attributions and achievement motivation - Answer-Carol Dweck and
others have Identified two implicit theories of intelligence. Those learners who have an
"entity" theory view intelligence as being an unchangeable, fixed internal characteristic.
Those who have an "incremental" theory believe that their intelligence is malleable and
can be increased through effort.
ecological theories - Answer-includes ecological approach and person-in-environment.
globalization has reinforced this approach
ethology - Answer-An approach concerned with the adaptive, or survival, value of
behavior and its evolutionary history
evolutionary - Answer-A relatively new specialty in psychology that sees behavior and
mental processes in terms of their genetic adaptations for survival and reproduction.
microsystem - Answer-Family, school, friends, church
mesosystem - Answer-relationship between microsystems (ex: peer groups can alter a
childs performance if causing wrong choices)
exosystem - Answer-According to Branfenbrenner, the socioeconomic context that
includes institutions of the culture that affect the children's development indirectly.
macrosystem - Answer-Consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources.
chronosystem - Answer-In Bronfenbrenner's bioecological approach, the system that
captures the way changes in environmental systems, such as social trends and life
events, are patterned over a person's lifetime.
bidirectional effects - Answer-children are not only affected by their parents but children
affect their parents in return
oral stage - Answer-(Frued) The first sexual and social stage of an infant's development
(from about age 0 to 1). Libidinal energy is centered around the mouth.
anal stage - Answer-(psychoanalysis) the second sexual and social stage of a child's
development during which bowel control is learned
phallic stage - Answer-(psychoanalysis) the third stage in a child's development when
awareness of and manipulation of the genitals is supposed to be a primary source of
pleasure
