WGU C787 STUDY GUIDE EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Marconutrients - Answer-Carbs, lipids & proteins. Provides energy needed for growth,
thermoregulation, physical activity, pregnancy/lactation. Needed in larger amounts than
micronutrients.
Micronutrients - Answer-Vitamins/minerals in small amts for good health/development.
Play various
roles in cell metabolism. Deficiencies cause widespread health problems.
Obesity - Answer-Excess consumption. Increased risk for CAD, some cancers & type 2
diabetes. Puts
stress on knee/ankle joints. Is an energy imbalance, where energy intake exceeds
energy
expenditure. Influenced by genetic/environmental factors.
Marasmus - Answer-General deficiency of macronutrients. Also called protein-calorie
malnutrition.
Kwashiorkor - Answer-Primarily attributed to deficiency of dietary protein. s/sx include
fatigue, irritability,
lethargy, poor growth, apathy, edema, decreased muscle mass, large belly, diarrhea,
dermatitis,
change in hair, infections. Can lead to coma/death.
Anorexianervosa - Answer-Restricted intake. Body weight @ or < 85% of normal.
Intense fear of wt gain,
distorted perception of body wt. 3rd most common condition of adolescents. Common
co-
morbid conditions: OCD, depression, anxiety, social phobia. Can lead to decreased
micronutrient intake, which leads to death.
Bulimia nervosa - Answer-Binge eating f/b purging (vomiting or misuse of
laxatives/diuretics). Can lead
to obesity.
Pellagra - Answer-Deficiency of Niacin (Vit B3). Characterized by "4 D's of Pellagra:"
dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia & death.
Vit C Deficiency (Scurvy) - Answer-Early signs are bleeding gums/pinpoint hemorrhages
under skin, rough scaly skin, hardening of arteries or massive bleeding can happen &
lead to death.
Vit D Deficiency (Rickets) - Answer-Bone formation impaired. Bow legged appearance.
,Vit A Deficiency - Answer-Leads to blindness. Even mild deficiency causes diarrhea &
URIs
Iron Deficiency ( Anemia) - Answer-
Iodine Deficiency - Answer-Leads to physical/mental developmental delays.
Arboflavinosis lack of riboflavin.
Kwashiorkor vs Marasmus - Kwashiorkor - Answer-Adequate calories, not enough
protein. Often occurs in areas of famine, low food supply, low education levels. Often
tropical regions w/ diet high in starch/low in protein. Early RX has+ results. Without RX,
is fatal.
Kwashiorkor vs Marasmus - Marasmus - Answer-Means to "waste away." Is acute form
of malnutrition. Deficiency of BOTH calories
AND protein. Most severe form of childhood malnutrition. Body fat stores used for
energy &
then muscle is broken down for body fuel. Person appears as skin/bones w/ lg eyes,
bald head,
aged/gaunt appearance. Once severe muscle wasting occurs, death is imminent. Have
below
norm body temp
Treatments for malnutrition - Answer-Physical factors- poor appetite, poorly fitting
dentures, affecting the ability to chew foods, loss
of tase and smell, disability and disease e.g. stroke, cancer dysphagia and Parkinson's
Lifestyle factors- ability to maintain their nutritional intake may include reduced income,
isolation and loneliness, religious and cultural beliefs, lack of food choices, e/g/ people
resident in care homes may have reduced variety menus, or the effects of reduced
mobility in
relation to shopping or preparing food
Psychological factors - confusion, depression, bereavement or dementia, which can
affect a
persons ability to desire to prepare food
Meds should be reviewed. Parkinson's drugs, co-beneldopa, may cause dry mouth and
alter
taste. Clopidogrel (for stroke or MI) can cause dyspepsia and diarrhea and irbestatrit
and anti-
htn may cause n/v/
Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool *MUST*
BMI - 18.5 RISK for malnuturtion
loss of 10% or more of normal body weight in 3-6mths is malnutrition risk
Acute illness resulting in no nuturaionl intak for more than 5 days
2 or > high risk of malnutrition
A "food first" approach is usually the first step towards tx or reventing malnutrition. - high
, nutritional value, add snacks, reducing portion size to encourage completion of meals,
may prescribe (ONS) oral nutritional supplments - ONS may be stopped when the
following
conditions apply
-DI is meeting requirements
-Wt has increase to target
BMI is within healthy range
condition has changed- eg. Swallowing condition recovers
0 no longer tolerat them due to taste fatigue
Key points: 1 in 4 addults affect by malnutrition on admission to hospital
screening should be completed upon initial contact and rescreening
Malnutritional mgt should look at with a "food first" approach
ONS should be prescribed to monitor its effectives and stop/ as required. Reg
What changes were made when DRIs were established in the late 1990s? - Answer-
DRI replaced RDA's. DRI's are specified on age, gender, and life stage, and cover more
than 40
nutrient substances. They rely on best scientific evidence. Overtime and vary on cycle
stage or
gender. The Reference values for ht/wt are from NHANES III. DRI"s differ from the
original
RDA's in that they incorporate in the concpets of disease prevention, Upper level of
intake and
potential toxcicity, in non traditiaonl nutrients. More relationships of phytochemicals,
herbals,
botanicsl and helath these 2 can incorporate into the recommendations. DRI's are a set
of at
least for nutrient based reference values these are est av require. (EAR) upper intake
level (UL)
adequate intake (AI) and RDA.
DRI - Answer-Set of at least for nutrient based reference values these are estimated
average requirements.
UL - Answer-Upper intake level- highest level of continued daily nutrient intake that is
unlikely to pose an adverse health effect.
EAR - Answer-Estimated average requirement- median intake to meet requirements.
Not all nutrients have ERA. The ERA is used to calculate the RDA.
RDA - Answer-ERA + 2 std deviation of the requirement. If there is not ERA there can
no RDA, unless there is the case an AI is provided. It is important to see the RDA or AI
without exceeding the UL
AI - Answer-Adequate intake can be used as a guide for intake but not used for all
applications a EAR is
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Marconutrients - Answer-Carbs, lipids & proteins. Provides energy needed for growth,
thermoregulation, physical activity, pregnancy/lactation. Needed in larger amounts than
micronutrients.
Micronutrients - Answer-Vitamins/minerals in small amts for good health/development.
Play various
roles in cell metabolism. Deficiencies cause widespread health problems.
Obesity - Answer-Excess consumption. Increased risk for CAD, some cancers & type 2
diabetes. Puts
stress on knee/ankle joints. Is an energy imbalance, where energy intake exceeds
energy
expenditure. Influenced by genetic/environmental factors.
Marasmus - Answer-General deficiency of macronutrients. Also called protein-calorie
malnutrition.
Kwashiorkor - Answer-Primarily attributed to deficiency of dietary protein. s/sx include
fatigue, irritability,
lethargy, poor growth, apathy, edema, decreased muscle mass, large belly, diarrhea,
dermatitis,
change in hair, infections. Can lead to coma/death.
Anorexianervosa - Answer-Restricted intake. Body weight @ or < 85% of normal.
Intense fear of wt gain,
distorted perception of body wt. 3rd most common condition of adolescents. Common
co-
morbid conditions: OCD, depression, anxiety, social phobia. Can lead to decreased
micronutrient intake, which leads to death.
Bulimia nervosa - Answer-Binge eating f/b purging (vomiting or misuse of
laxatives/diuretics). Can lead
to obesity.
Pellagra - Answer-Deficiency of Niacin (Vit B3). Characterized by "4 D's of Pellagra:"
dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia & death.
Vit C Deficiency (Scurvy) - Answer-Early signs are bleeding gums/pinpoint hemorrhages
under skin, rough scaly skin, hardening of arteries or massive bleeding can happen &
lead to death.
Vit D Deficiency (Rickets) - Answer-Bone formation impaired. Bow legged appearance.
,Vit A Deficiency - Answer-Leads to blindness. Even mild deficiency causes diarrhea &
URIs
Iron Deficiency ( Anemia) - Answer-
Iodine Deficiency - Answer-Leads to physical/mental developmental delays.
Arboflavinosis lack of riboflavin.
Kwashiorkor vs Marasmus - Kwashiorkor - Answer-Adequate calories, not enough
protein. Often occurs in areas of famine, low food supply, low education levels. Often
tropical regions w/ diet high in starch/low in protein. Early RX has+ results. Without RX,
is fatal.
Kwashiorkor vs Marasmus - Marasmus - Answer-Means to "waste away." Is acute form
of malnutrition. Deficiency of BOTH calories
AND protein. Most severe form of childhood malnutrition. Body fat stores used for
energy &
then muscle is broken down for body fuel. Person appears as skin/bones w/ lg eyes,
bald head,
aged/gaunt appearance. Once severe muscle wasting occurs, death is imminent. Have
below
norm body temp
Treatments for malnutrition - Answer-Physical factors- poor appetite, poorly fitting
dentures, affecting the ability to chew foods, loss
of tase and smell, disability and disease e.g. stroke, cancer dysphagia and Parkinson's
Lifestyle factors- ability to maintain their nutritional intake may include reduced income,
isolation and loneliness, religious and cultural beliefs, lack of food choices, e/g/ people
resident in care homes may have reduced variety menus, or the effects of reduced
mobility in
relation to shopping or preparing food
Psychological factors - confusion, depression, bereavement or dementia, which can
affect a
persons ability to desire to prepare food
Meds should be reviewed. Parkinson's drugs, co-beneldopa, may cause dry mouth and
alter
taste. Clopidogrel (for stroke or MI) can cause dyspepsia and diarrhea and irbestatrit
and anti-
htn may cause n/v/
Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool *MUST*
BMI - 18.5 RISK for malnuturtion
loss of 10% or more of normal body weight in 3-6mths is malnutrition risk
Acute illness resulting in no nuturaionl intak for more than 5 days
2 or > high risk of malnutrition
A "food first" approach is usually the first step towards tx or reventing malnutrition. - high
, nutritional value, add snacks, reducing portion size to encourage completion of meals,
may prescribe (ONS) oral nutritional supplments - ONS may be stopped when the
following
conditions apply
-DI is meeting requirements
-Wt has increase to target
BMI is within healthy range
condition has changed- eg. Swallowing condition recovers
0 no longer tolerat them due to taste fatigue
Key points: 1 in 4 addults affect by malnutrition on admission to hospital
screening should be completed upon initial contact and rescreening
Malnutritional mgt should look at with a "food first" approach
ONS should be prescribed to monitor its effectives and stop/ as required. Reg
What changes were made when DRIs were established in the late 1990s? - Answer-
DRI replaced RDA's. DRI's are specified on age, gender, and life stage, and cover more
than 40
nutrient substances. They rely on best scientific evidence. Overtime and vary on cycle
stage or
gender. The Reference values for ht/wt are from NHANES III. DRI"s differ from the
original
RDA's in that they incorporate in the concpets of disease prevention, Upper level of
intake and
potential toxcicity, in non traditiaonl nutrients. More relationships of phytochemicals,
herbals,
botanicsl and helath these 2 can incorporate into the recommendations. DRI's are a set
of at
least for nutrient based reference values these are est av require. (EAR) upper intake
level (UL)
adequate intake (AI) and RDA.
DRI - Answer-Set of at least for nutrient based reference values these are estimated
average requirements.
UL - Answer-Upper intake level- highest level of continued daily nutrient intake that is
unlikely to pose an adverse health effect.
EAR - Answer-Estimated average requirement- median intake to meet requirements.
Not all nutrients have ERA. The ERA is used to calculate the RDA.
RDA - Answer-ERA + 2 std deviation of the requirement. If there is not ERA there can
no RDA, unless there is the case an AI is provided. It is important to see the RDA or AI
without exceeding the UL
AI - Answer-Adequate intake can be used as a guide for intake but not used for all
applications a EAR is
