Module I Basic Sciences Dental Anesthesia Assistan

Module I Basic Sciences Dental Anesthesia Assistant National Certification Exam - Central Nervous System: ️ - Brain - Spinal cord - Peripheral Nervous System: ️ - Sensory nerves - Motor nerves - Cranial Nerves Important for OMS: ️ - Trigeminal nerve (5th) - Facial nerve (7th) - Vagus nerve (10th) Trigeminal and Facial Nerves - Trigeminal Nerve: ️ - Sensory/Motor - Branches: - Ophthalmic - Maxillary - Mandibular - Facial Nerve: ️ - Motor nerves for facial expression Spinal Nerves - Spinal Nerves: ️ - Motor/sensory nerves that leave various tracts throughout the body Autonomic Nervous System - Autonomic Nervous System: ️ - Sympathetic - Parasympathetic - Sympathetic Nervous System: ️ - Fight or flight response - Speeds up body functions - Causes vasoconstriction - Increases heart rate - Maintains blood pressure - Parasympathetic Nervous System: ️ - Rest and digest response - Slows body functions - Vagus nerve (slows heart rate and cardiac output) - Increases digestion - Increases saliva/pharyngeal production - Baroreceptors: ️ - Regulate blood pressure with positional changes Adrenergic Receptors - Sympathetic (Adrenergic): ️ - Alpha (causes vasoconstriction) - Beta 1 (heart: increases heart rate and strength of contraction) - Beta 2 (lungs: causes bronchodilation) Cardiac Anatomy - Atria: ️ - Receive blood - Right Atrium: ️ - Receives oxygen-poor blood from body peripheral circulation - Left Atrium: ️ - Receives oxygen-rich blood from lungs via pulmonary vein - Ventricles: ️ - Receive blood from atria - Right Ventricle: ️ - Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs - Left Ventricle: ️ - Sends oxygenated blood to the body - Pumps harder, has thicker walls Blood Sources to Right Atrium - Right Atrium Receives Blood From: ️ - Superior vena cava - Inferior vena cava - Coronary sinus Blood Vessels - Pulmonary Vein: ️ - Carries oxygen-rich blood - Arteries: ️ - Carry blood away from the heart - Have thicker walls and are elastic for constriction and dilation - Veins: ️ - Lead deoxygenated blood back to the heart Cardiac Conditions - Ischemia: ️ - Weakened heart due to decreased oxygen supply - Can lead to angina pectoris (chest pain) - Myocardial Infarction: ️ - Heart attack; death of tissue due to lack of blood Cardiac Phases - Diastolic Phase: ️ - Both atria contract simultaneously, forcing blood into both ventricles - Heart is relaxed - Systolic Phase: ️ - Ventricles contract, forcing blood to lungs or peripheral circulation Cardiac Cycle - Heart Rate: ️ - Normal: 60-100 bpm - Bradycardia: 60 bpm - Tachycardia: 100 bpm Cardiac Centers in the Medulla - Cardioacceleratory Center (CAC): ️ - Located in medulla - Sympathetic fibers travel to SA node - Releases norepinephrine, increases heart rate and contractions - Cardioinhibitory Center (CIC): ️ - Located in medulla - Parasympathetic fibers (vagus nerve) - Releases acetylcholine (slow down), decreases heart rate and contractions Conducting System of the Heart - Sinoatrial Node (SA Node): ️ - Located in right atrium; acts as pacemaker - Generates sinus rhythm - Atrioventricular Node (AV Node): ️ - Transmits impulse to Bundle of His, stimulating right and left ventricles to contract - Purkinje Fibers: ️ - Spread the impulse over the ventricles to pump blood Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume - Stroke Volume: ️ - Amount of blood pumped from the left and right ventricles (approximately 60 ml or 2 oz) - Cardiac Output: ️ - Amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in one minute Respiratory Processes - Hypoxia: ️ - Lack of oxygen Electrocardiogram (ECG) Waves