Crime HSC revision – Syllabus notes
Students learn about: Students learn to:
2. The criminal investigation
process
● discuss the powers of police in the criminal process
● police powers police have the power to pull someone out of a care or arrest tehm if tehy think they posses a threat to sociaty or
● reporting crime they are about to commit a crime. police have teh power to investiagte and check cctv photage and hold someone
● investigating crime: gathering alliable.
evidence, use of technology, ● examine the reporting and investigating of crime
search and seizure, use of tehre are many steps in regards to reporting and investigating of crime. some involves complex
warrants processes influenced by various internal and external factors. Reporting relies heavily on public
● arrest and charge, summons, awareness, trust in law enforcement, and accessible and efficient police or emergency helplines,
warrants online portals, and anonymous services like Crime Stoppers. Investigating crime involves
● bail or remand investogating the scene, collecting evidence, conducting interviews, and using forensic analysis and
● detention and interrogation,
advanced technologies like AI and digital forensics and use the aid of cctv photage. Challenges that
rights of suspects
arises in reporting crimes are underreporting because of fear or stigma, resource constraints, and the
complexity of modern crimes complicate these processes and fear for privacy. Those issues of
underreporting can be resolved by Ienhancing public trust through community policing, privacy
mainstance, protection for reporters and victims, monetoring modern technology and enhancing cctv
photage and placing them everywhere in public streets and ensuring robust, effective and responsive
holistic approach by legal frameworks and laws.
● assess the effectiveness of the criminal investigation process as a means of achieving justice
the criminal investigation process are effcteive to some extent as emans to achieving justice. although, the
crimainl investigation process some times are effcetive at extracting DNA analysis and collecting evidence, most
criems go unreported due to the minimum trust between the citizens with the laws and legal frameworks. tehre is
little founding and minimum resources available to investigate certain cases which causes some criems to be left
uninvestiogates.this causes even more crimes.investigation are vulnerable subjects to bias and faults. as any
wrong move will ruin teh eviance and require reinvestigation.
, 3. Criminal trial process
● court jurisdiction ● describe the role of courts in the criminal justice process
● the adversary system Courts are a vital legal judiciary system in the criminal justice process by ensuring that justice is maintained and
● legal personnel: magistrate, issues fairly and unbaised senatncing is issued by the court . courts are responsible for interpreting and applying
judge, police prosecutor, the law, conducting fair and unbiased trials, while protecting the rights of criminals and victims and maintaining
Director of Public Prosecution, eitheical and acceptable sentences. Courts examine the evidence presented by the police and victims.a nd
Public Defenders sometimes the defendant and then determine guilt or innocence, and impose appropriate sentences on those
● pleas, charge negotiation convicted. Additionally, courts can send case appeals to courts higher than them if they are unable to daily
● legal representation, including sentence and examine the case. By doing this, courts maintain the rule of law and promote public trust in the
legal aid sentencing while also refraining from bias.
● burden and standard of proof ● discuss the use of the adversary system as a means of achieving justice
● use of evidence, including The adversary system is a legal system that examines evidance and sentances offenders
witnesses approperatite sentancing. Each side has the opportunity to present their evidence and story, call
● defences to criminal charges: witnesses, seek legal repersenattion, and cross-examine the other's witnesses. This system ensures
– complete defences that both partie;s rights are maintained and the law is placed above all teh parties and teh senatncing
– partial defences to murder
allin wit the law and the seriousness of the offense. The judge or jury then evaluates the evidence
● the role of juries, including
verdicts and arguments to reach a verdict. While this system promotes fairness and is not baised , its
effectiveness can be limited by teh seriousness of the offense and it fails to place the society, the
defendant and the victim.
● examine the role of legal representation in the criminal trial
legal representaion palys a cruicial role in advocating for the right of the offender or the victim and
ensurig teh evidance is presentable and the sentencing is fair. legal representation provides details
about teh case and resolves any misunderstanding that a judge or magistrate have in regards to a
case. legal representation makes sure that victims or offenders right are mainstained and look after
during the sentencing period.
● assess the use of defences to criminal charges in achieving justice
Defenses to criminal charges play a vitial role in achieving justice for offenders, victims and sociaty by
ensuring that individuals have the opportunity to present their side of the story and protect their rights
while also telling their story and the reasoning for commit an offense or how tehre rights or tehmselves
has been violated. Legal defenses, such as self-defense, insanity, and other mental illinses provide
legitimate reasons that canmitigate the accused's criminal liability. These defenses ensure that only
those truly capable and mentally stabel and cable of commiting a crime or offesnse are convicted and
sentanced while those with valid justifications are eximed. However, the effectiveness of these
Students learn about: Students learn to:
2. The criminal investigation
process
● discuss the powers of police in the criminal process
● police powers police have the power to pull someone out of a care or arrest tehm if tehy think they posses a threat to sociaty or
● reporting crime they are about to commit a crime. police have teh power to investiagte and check cctv photage and hold someone
● investigating crime: gathering alliable.
evidence, use of technology, ● examine the reporting and investigating of crime
search and seizure, use of tehre are many steps in regards to reporting and investigating of crime. some involves complex
warrants processes influenced by various internal and external factors. Reporting relies heavily on public
● arrest and charge, summons, awareness, trust in law enforcement, and accessible and efficient police or emergency helplines,
warrants online portals, and anonymous services like Crime Stoppers. Investigating crime involves
● bail or remand investogating the scene, collecting evidence, conducting interviews, and using forensic analysis and
● detention and interrogation,
advanced technologies like AI and digital forensics and use the aid of cctv photage. Challenges that
rights of suspects
arises in reporting crimes are underreporting because of fear or stigma, resource constraints, and the
complexity of modern crimes complicate these processes and fear for privacy. Those issues of
underreporting can be resolved by Ienhancing public trust through community policing, privacy
mainstance, protection for reporters and victims, monetoring modern technology and enhancing cctv
photage and placing them everywhere in public streets and ensuring robust, effective and responsive
holistic approach by legal frameworks and laws.
● assess the effectiveness of the criminal investigation process as a means of achieving justice
the criminal investigation process are effcteive to some extent as emans to achieving justice. although, the
crimainl investigation process some times are effcetive at extracting DNA analysis and collecting evidence, most
criems go unreported due to the minimum trust between the citizens with the laws and legal frameworks. tehre is
little founding and minimum resources available to investigate certain cases which causes some criems to be left
uninvestiogates.this causes even more crimes.investigation are vulnerable subjects to bias and faults. as any
wrong move will ruin teh eviance and require reinvestigation.
, 3. Criminal trial process
● court jurisdiction ● describe the role of courts in the criminal justice process
● the adversary system Courts are a vital legal judiciary system in the criminal justice process by ensuring that justice is maintained and
● legal personnel: magistrate, issues fairly and unbaised senatncing is issued by the court . courts are responsible for interpreting and applying
judge, police prosecutor, the law, conducting fair and unbiased trials, while protecting the rights of criminals and victims and maintaining
Director of Public Prosecution, eitheical and acceptable sentences. Courts examine the evidence presented by the police and victims.a nd
Public Defenders sometimes the defendant and then determine guilt or innocence, and impose appropriate sentences on those
● pleas, charge negotiation convicted. Additionally, courts can send case appeals to courts higher than them if they are unable to daily
● legal representation, including sentence and examine the case. By doing this, courts maintain the rule of law and promote public trust in the
legal aid sentencing while also refraining from bias.
● burden and standard of proof ● discuss the use of the adversary system as a means of achieving justice
● use of evidence, including The adversary system is a legal system that examines evidance and sentances offenders
witnesses approperatite sentancing. Each side has the opportunity to present their evidence and story, call
● defences to criminal charges: witnesses, seek legal repersenattion, and cross-examine the other's witnesses. This system ensures
– complete defences that both partie;s rights are maintained and the law is placed above all teh parties and teh senatncing
– partial defences to murder
allin wit the law and the seriousness of the offense. The judge or jury then evaluates the evidence
● the role of juries, including
verdicts and arguments to reach a verdict. While this system promotes fairness and is not baised , its
effectiveness can be limited by teh seriousness of the offense and it fails to place the society, the
defendant and the victim.
● examine the role of legal representation in the criminal trial
legal representaion palys a cruicial role in advocating for the right of the offender or the victim and
ensurig teh evidance is presentable and the sentencing is fair. legal representation provides details
about teh case and resolves any misunderstanding that a judge or magistrate have in regards to a
case. legal representation makes sure that victims or offenders right are mainstained and look after
during the sentencing period.
● assess the use of defences to criminal charges in achieving justice
Defenses to criminal charges play a vitial role in achieving justice for offenders, victims and sociaty by
ensuring that individuals have the opportunity to present their side of the story and protect their rights
while also telling their story and the reasoning for commit an offense or how tehre rights or tehmselves
has been violated. Legal defenses, such as self-defense, insanity, and other mental illinses provide
legitimate reasons that canmitigate the accused's criminal liability. These defenses ensure that only
those truly capable and mentally stabel and cable of commiting a crime or offesnse are convicted and
sentanced while those with valid justifications are eximed. However, the effectiveness of these
