NUR 345 Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
Review Questions and Correct Answers
What is a hypotonic solution? ✅having a lower osmolality than normal plasma
What do hypotonic solutions do? ✅IV fluid will move from intravascular space into cells
What are IV fluid examples of hypotonic solution? ✅-0.45% NS (1/2 NS)
-0.225 NS (1/4 NS)
-D5W
D5W is an isotonic solution until when? ✅until it goes into the body, the dextrose is
removed and solution becomes hypotonic in body
What is an isotonic solution? ✅having the SAME osmolality as normal plasma
What do isotonic solutions do to the cell? ✅-no net fluid shift
-expands intravascular volume
What are examples of isotonic solutions? ✅-0.9 NS
-Lactated Ringers
What is a hypertonic solution? ✅having a higher osmolality than normal plasma
What do hypertonic solutions do to the cell? ✅IV fluids will cause shift of fluid out of the
cells, into intravascular space
-pulls fluid out of cells
What are examples of hypertonic solutions? ✅-D5NS
-D5LR
-3% NS
-50% Dextrose
What hypertonic solutions turn into hypotonic solutions once metabolized in the body?
✅-D5NS
-D5 0.45 NS
-D5 0.25 NS
What is osmosis? ✅passive movement of H20 through semi-permeable membrane
-moves from high concentration to low concentration to equalize concentration
-no ATP needed
,What is osmotic pressure? ✅-how much water is pulled is determined by concentrated
of solution
-increased concentration of molecules = increased pull
What is osmolarity? ✅concentration of molecules
What is osmolarity measured in? ✅concentration of molecules per kg of water in
mOsm/L
What is an example of osmolarity? ✅osmolarity of urine
What osmolality? ✅concentration of molecules
What is osmolality measured in? ✅concentration of molecules per L of solution
mOsm/kg
What is the range of normal plasma osmolality? ✅275-295 mOsm/ kg H20
What is hydrostatic pressure? ✅forced exerted by fluid against boundry of container
What is filtration? ✅fluid pushed across membrane related to pressure
If hydrostatic pressure inside capillary is ______ than surrounding interstitial space,
fluids & solutes forced ____ of capillary and into interstitial space ✅higher, out
What is an example of hydrostatic pressure in the body? ✅-BP
-fluid is pushed through cardiovascular system
What is oncotic/colloid oncotic pressure? ✅relates to osmotic pressure exerted by
colloids (proteins) in blood
Plasma proteins ______ water and pulls _______ from tissue to vascular beds
✅attract, fluids
Colloids can be given via ____ ✅IV
_______ remains behind when water filtered through capillary ✅Albumin
-serves as a water magnet: moves fluid back into capillary and holds it there through
osmosis
What are cations? ✅positive charged ions
, What are examples of cations? ✅k, Na, Ca, Mg, NH
What is an anion? ✅negative charge ions
What are examples of anions? ✅HCo3
PO4
What is diffusion? ✅passive movement from higher to lower concentration
-no ATP needed
-travel across semi permeable membrane
What is facilitated diffusion? ✅similar to diffusion, but uses protein as a carrier to allow
for or accelerate diffusion
-no ATP need
Insulin facilitates what? ✅movement of glucose into cells
What is active transport? ✅movement of particles across cell membrane from low
concentration to high concentration
-combines with carrier on outside to transport across membrane
-released after transport
-needs ATP
What Na-K pumps? ✅Na higher concentration outside the cell K inside cell pump
allows for switch which creates action potential and allows for cell contraction
What is intracellular fluids? ✅fluid inside cell
-2/3 body fluid
-40% body wt
-most stable-resistant to fluid shifts
What are ECF? ✅fluid outside the cell
-interstitial
-intravascular
-transcellular
What is interstitial? ✅considered reserve fluid replaces fluid in blood or cells PRN
-fluid in space between cells and lymph
What is intravascular fluid? ✅Least stable most quickly gained or lost
-fluid in blood, least stable and most quickly gained or lost
What is transcellular fluid? ✅special fluid
-includes CSF, Synovial, pleural, GI tract, peritineal
Review Questions and Correct Answers
What is a hypotonic solution? ✅having a lower osmolality than normal plasma
What do hypotonic solutions do? ✅IV fluid will move from intravascular space into cells
What are IV fluid examples of hypotonic solution? ✅-0.45% NS (1/2 NS)
-0.225 NS (1/4 NS)
-D5W
D5W is an isotonic solution until when? ✅until it goes into the body, the dextrose is
removed and solution becomes hypotonic in body
What is an isotonic solution? ✅having the SAME osmolality as normal plasma
What do isotonic solutions do to the cell? ✅-no net fluid shift
-expands intravascular volume
What are examples of isotonic solutions? ✅-0.9 NS
-Lactated Ringers
What is a hypertonic solution? ✅having a higher osmolality than normal plasma
What do hypertonic solutions do to the cell? ✅IV fluids will cause shift of fluid out of the
cells, into intravascular space
-pulls fluid out of cells
What are examples of hypertonic solutions? ✅-D5NS
-D5LR
-3% NS
-50% Dextrose
What hypertonic solutions turn into hypotonic solutions once metabolized in the body?
✅-D5NS
-D5 0.45 NS
-D5 0.25 NS
What is osmosis? ✅passive movement of H20 through semi-permeable membrane
-moves from high concentration to low concentration to equalize concentration
-no ATP needed
,What is osmotic pressure? ✅-how much water is pulled is determined by concentrated
of solution
-increased concentration of molecules = increased pull
What is osmolarity? ✅concentration of molecules
What is osmolarity measured in? ✅concentration of molecules per kg of water in
mOsm/L
What is an example of osmolarity? ✅osmolarity of urine
What osmolality? ✅concentration of molecules
What is osmolality measured in? ✅concentration of molecules per L of solution
mOsm/kg
What is the range of normal plasma osmolality? ✅275-295 mOsm/ kg H20
What is hydrostatic pressure? ✅forced exerted by fluid against boundry of container
What is filtration? ✅fluid pushed across membrane related to pressure
If hydrostatic pressure inside capillary is ______ than surrounding interstitial space,
fluids & solutes forced ____ of capillary and into interstitial space ✅higher, out
What is an example of hydrostatic pressure in the body? ✅-BP
-fluid is pushed through cardiovascular system
What is oncotic/colloid oncotic pressure? ✅relates to osmotic pressure exerted by
colloids (proteins) in blood
Plasma proteins ______ water and pulls _______ from tissue to vascular beds
✅attract, fluids
Colloids can be given via ____ ✅IV
_______ remains behind when water filtered through capillary ✅Albumin
-serves as a water magnet: moves fluid back into capillary and holds it there through
osmosis
What are cations? ✅positive charged ions
, What are examples of cations? ✅k, Na, Ca, Mg, NH
What is an anion? ✅negative charge ions
What are examples of anions? ✅HCo3
PO4
What is diffusion? ✅passive movement from higher to lower concentration
-no ATP needed
-travel across semi permeable membrane
What is facilitated diffusion? ✅similar to diffusion, but uses protein as a carrier to allow
for or accelerate diffusion
-no ATP need
Insulin facilitates what? ✅movement of glucose into cells
What is active transport? ✅movement of particles across cell membrane from low
concentration to high concentration
-combines with carrier on outside to transport across membrane
-released after transport
-needs ATP
What Na-K pumps? ✅Na higher concentration outside the cell K inside cell pump
allows for switch which creates action potential and allows for cell contraction
What is intracellular fluids? ✅fluid inside cell
-2/3 body fluid
-40% body wt
-most stable-resistant to fluid shifts
What are ECF? ✅fluid outside the cell
-interstitial
-intravascular
-transcellular
What is interstitial? ✅considered reserve fluid replaces fluid in blood or cells PRN
-fluid in space between cells and lymph
What is intravascular fluid? ✅Least stable most quickly gained or lost
-fluid in blood, least stable and most quickly gained or lost
What is transcellular fluid? ✅special fluid
-includes CSF, Synovial, pleural, GI tract, peritineal
