AS level OCR Chemistry
Acid + Base=
Metal oxide + Acid=
Metal hydroxide + Acid= - ANSWER Salt + Water
Acids - ANSWER Proton donors - produce H+ ions in water
Adding hydrogen to C=C bonds produces alkanes - ANSWER Ethene will react with
hydrogen in an electrophilic addition reaction to produce ethane
Nickel catalyst
150ºC
Addition polymers - ANSWER Alkenes (monomers) join up and the double bond is removed
Alcohols - ANSWER Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Alkalis - ANSWER Proton acceptors - produce OH- ions in water
Alkane molecule shape - ANSWER Alkane molecules are tetrahedral around each carbon
atom
Each carbon atom has four pairs of bonding electrons around it
Bond angle- 109.5º
Alkene double bond - ANSWER Sigma bond- Two s orbitals overlap, C-C or C-H in alkanes
(high bond enthalpy)
Pi bond- Sideways overlap of two adjacent p orbitals (low bond enthalpy)
Alkenes undergo electrophilic addition with hydrogen halides - ANSWER Two haloalkanes
are formed
Markownikoff's rule- The major product is the one where hydrogen adds to the carbon with the most
hydrogens already attached
Ammonia + Acid= - ANSWER Ammonium salt
Average bond enthalpy - ANSWER The energy needed to break one mole of bonds in the
gas phase, averaged over many different compounds
Avoiding false positives - ANSWER Test for carbonates ----> Test for sulfates ----> Test for
halides
Carbon allotropes- high melting and boiling points, also insoluble - ANSWER Diamond- Each
carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms in a tetrahedral shape.
Silicon also forms a crystal lattice structure with similar properties as each silicon atom can form four
covalent bond
, AS level OCR Chemistry
Graphite- Each carbon atom forms three covalent bonds so there is one delocalised outer electron
Graphene- One layer of graphite in a hexagonal sheet, one atom thick. Transparent and incredibly
light in one layer
Carbon skeleteon - ANSWER Aromatic or aliphatic
Aromatic compounds contain a benzene ring
Aliphatic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen joined in straight chains, branched chains or non-
aromatic rings (alicyclic)
Catalyst - ANSWER A substance that increases the rate of reaction by providing an
alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy. The catalyst remains chemically
unchanged
CFCs (Haloalkanes) - ANSWER Stable, volatile, non-flammable and non-toxic
Chloric(I) acid + Water ↔
HClO + H2O ↔ - ANSWER Chlorate ion + Hydronium
ClO- + H3O+
Chlorate ions kill bacteria
Chlorine + Water ↔
Cl2 + H2O ↔ - ANSWER Hydrochloric acid + Chloric(I) acid
HCl + HClO
Chlorine alternatives - ANSWER Ozone (O3)- Strong oxidising agent, but is expensive and
has a short half-life
Ultraviolet light- Damages DNA of microorganisms, but ineffective in cloudy water
Chlorine and sodium hydroxide make bleach, Sodium chlorate(I) - ANSWER 2NaOH + Cl2 ----
> NaClO + NaCl + H2O
0 +1 -1
Concentration= - ANSWER Number of moles ÷ Volume
Covalent bond - ANSWER The electrostatic forces of attraction between a shared pair of
electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms
Dative covalent bonding (coordinate bonding) - ANSWER Both electrons from one atom
Dehydration - ANSWER Alcohols can be dehydrated to form alkenes
Concentrated sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid
Acid + Base=
Metal oxide + Acid=
Metal hydroxide + Acid= - ANSWER Salt + Water
Acids - ANSWER Proton donors - produce H+ ions in water
Adding hydrogen to C=C bonds produces alkanes - ANSWER Ethene will react with
hydrogen in an electrophilic addition reaction to produce ethane
Nickel catalyst
150ºC
Addition polymers - ANSWER Alkenes (monomers) join up and the double bond is removed
Alcohols - ANSWER Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Alkalis - ANSWER Proton acceptors - produce OH- ions in water
Alkane molecule shape - ANSWER Alkane molecules are tetrahedral around each carbon
atom
Each carbon atom has four pairs of bonding electrons around it
Bond angle- 109.5º
Alkene double bond - ANSWER Sigma bond- Two s orbitals overlap, C-C or C-H in alkanes
(high bond enthalpy)
Pi bond- Sideways overlap of two adjacent p orbitals (low bond enthalpy)
Alkenes undergo electrophilic addition with hydrogen halides - ANSWER Two haloalkanes
are formed
Markownikoff's rule- The major product is the one where hydrogen adds to the carbon with the most
hydrogens already attached
Ammonia + Acid= - ANSWER Ammonium salt
Average bond enthalpy - ANSWER The energy needed to break one mole of bonds in the
gas phase, averaged over many different compounds
Avoiding false positives - ANSWER Test for carbonates ----> Test for sulfates ----> Test for
halides
Carbon allotropes- high melting and boiling points, also insoluble - ANSWER Diamond- Each
carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms in a tetrahedral shape.
Silicon also forms a crystal lattice structure with similar properties as each silicon atom can form four
covalent bond
, AS level OCR Chemistry
Graphite- Each carbon atom forms three covalent bonds so there is one delocalised outer electron
Graphene- One layer of graphite in a hexagonal sheet, one atom thick. Transparent and incredibly
light in one layer
Carbon skeleteon - ANSWER Aromatic or aliphatic
Aromatic compounds contain a benzene ring
Aliphatic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen joined in straight chains, branched chains or non-
aromatic rings (alicyclic)
Catalyst - ANSWER A substance that increases the rate of reaction by providing an
alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy. The catalyst remains chemically
unchanged
CFCs (Haloalkanes) - ANSWER Stable, volatile, non-flammable and non-toxic
Chloric(I) acid + Water ↔
HClO + H2O ↔ - ANSWER Chlorate ion + Hydronium
ClO- + H3O+
Chlorate ions kill bacteria
Chlorine + Water ↔
Cl2 + H2O ↔ - ANSWER Hydrochloric acid + Chloric(I) acid
HCl + HClO
Chlorine alternatives - ANSWER Ozone (O3)- Strong oxidising agent, but is expensive and
has a short half-life
Ultraviolet light- Damages DNA of microorganisms, but ineffective in cloudy water
Chlorine and sodium hydroxide make bleach, Sodium chlorate(I) - ANSWER 2NaOH + Cl2 ----
> NaClO + NaCl + H2O
0 +1 -1
Concentration= - ANSWER Number of moles ÷ Volume
Covalent bond - ANSWER The electrostatic forces of attraction between a shared pair of
electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms
Dative covalent bonding (coordinate bonding) - ANSWER Both electrons from one atom
Dehydration - ANSWER Alcohols can be dehydrated to form alkenes
Concentrated sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid
