CSD 209 Final Exam || All Correct.
voice onset time correct answers the time between the release of the occlusion and the onset of
voicing
negative VOT correct answers voicing starts before the release, not common in English
zero VOT correct answers voicing starts shortly after the release of the occlusion (short lag),
voicing and the release occur at the same time
positive VOT correct answers voicing occurs after the release
fricatives correct answers produced when pressurized air becomes turbulent, resulting in random
variations in air pressure (f, v, s, z, th, shuh, juh)
frication correct answers acoustic result of turbulent flow, aperiodic noise, sounds like hissing
stridents/sibilants correct answers s, z, shuh, juh, have more intense energy, longer in duration
affricates correct answers made quickly by combining a stop with a fricative, have silent gap
associated with the stop part of the sound, looks shorter than fricatives on spectrogram
intonation correct answers F0 will rise for a statement, fall for a question
stress correct answers stressed syllables have higher F0 and/or duration and/or amplitude than
unstressed syllables
duration correct answers last word in a phrase or sentence tends to be longer than it would be in
other positions in a sentence, phrase final lengthening- the last syllable in a major syntactic
phrase or clause is lengthened
Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation correct answers describes voice production as an
interaction between muscle force (myo), tissue elasticity (elastic), and air pressure and flows,
onset of vibration (aerodynamic)
Bernoulli principle correct answers air passing through a narrow channel increases in velocity
and decreases in pressure
vertical phase difference correct answers slight time lag between the opening and closing of the
inferior and superior portions of the vocal folds
longitudinal phase difference correct answers vocal folds close in an anterior to posterior
direction, so there is a lag in closure
phonation threshold pressure correct answers the minimum amount of Ps needed to set the vocal
folds into vibration
, glottal spectrum correct answers spectrum of the human voice, corresponds to the source
function in source-filter theory
harmonic spacing correct answers the distance between the harmonic frequencies in a complex
sound, changes when F0 changes
frequency perturbation (jitter) correct answers the timing variability between cycles of vibration
amplitude perturbation (shimmer) correct answers if one tries to keep the loudness level as
steady as possible, the vocal folds will nonetheless vibrate with slightly different amplitudes for
each cycle
hyperadducted correct answers vocal folds that are adducted too tightly, with too much medial
compression
hypoadducted correct answers vocal folds that do not adduct as tightly as they should
additive noise/spectral noise correct answers noise in the voice (breathiness, hoarseness,
roughness, or any combination)
dysphonia correct answers a generic term for any voice that sounds deviant in terms of quality,
pitch, and/or loudness
pulse register correct answers refers to a range of very low F0 which perceptually creates a
creaky, popping sort of sound (aka glottal fry)
modal register correct answers most commonly used in normal conversational speech
falsetto register correct answers refers to a very high range of F0, sometimes called loft register
multiphasic closure correct answers instead of opening and closing the glottis once per cycle,
vocal folds may approximate and separate partially once, twice, or three times before completely
adducting
maximum phonational frequency range (MPFR) correct answers complete range of frequencies
that an individual can generate, usually measured in octaves or semitones, a range of 3 octaves is
normal for young adults
pattern playback (pp) correct answers works in reverse to spectograph: converts visual patterns
into sounds
target undershoot correct answers formant patterns of different vowels become similar to each
other
crossover correct answers listener hears other sounds as a different phoneme
voice onset time correct answers the time between the release of the occlusion and the onset of
voicing
negative VOT correct answers voicing starts before the release, not common in English
zero VOT correct answers voicing starts shortly after the release of the occlusion (short lag),
voicing and the release occur at the same time
positive VOT correct answers voicing occurs after the release
fricatives correct answers produced when pressurized air becomes turbulent, resulting in random
variations in air pressure (f, v, s, z, th, shuh, juh)
frication correct answers acoustic result of turbulent flow, aperiodic noise, sounds like hissing
stridents/sibilants correct answers s, z, shuh, juh, have more intense energy, longer in duration
affricates correct answers made quickly by combining a stop with a fricative, have silent gap
associated with the stop part of the sound, looks shorter than fricatives on spectrogram
intonation correct answers F0 will rise for a statement, fall for a question
stress correct answers stressed syllables have higher F0 and/or duration and/or amplitude than
unstressed syllables
duration correct answers last word in a phrase or sentence tends to be longer than it would be in
other positions in a sentence, phrase final lengthening- the last syllable in a major syntactic
phrase or clause is lengthened
Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation correct answers describes voice production as an
interaction between muscle force (myo), tissue elasticity (elastic), and air pressure and flows,
onset of vibration (aerodynamic)
Bernoulli principle correct answers air passing through a narrow channel increases in velocity
and decreases in pressure
vertical phase difference correct answers slight time lag between the opening and closing of the
inferior and superior portions of the vocal folds
longitudinal phase difference correct answers vocal folds close in an anterior to posterior
direction, so there is a lag in closure
phonation threshold pressure correct answers the minimum amount of Ps needed to set the vocal
folds into vibration
, glottal spectrum correct answers spectrum of the human voice, corresponds to the source
function in source-filter theory
harmonic spacing correct answers the distance between the harmonic frequencies in a complex
sound, changes when F0 changes
frequency perturbation (jitter) correct answers the timing variability between cycles of vibration
amplitude perturbation (shimmer) correct answers if one tries to keep the loudness level as
steady as possible, the vocal folds will nonetheless vibrate with slightly different amplitudes for
each cycle
hyperadducted correct answers vocal folds that are adducted too tightly, with too much medial
compression
hypoadducted correct answers vocal folds that do not adduct as tightly as they should
additive noise/spectral noise correct answers noise in the voice (breathiness, hoarseness,
roughness, or any combination)
dysphonia correct answers a generic term for any voice that sounds deviant in terms of quality,
pitch, and/or loudness
pulse register correct answers refers to a range of very low F0 which perceptually creates a
creaky, popping sort of sound (aka glottal fry)
modal register correct answers most commonly used in normal conversational speech
falsetto register correct answers refers to a very high range of F0, sometimes called loft register
multiphasic closure correct answers instead of opening and closing the glottis once per cycle,
vocal folds may approximate and separate partially once, twice, or three times before completely
adducting
maximum phonational frequency range (MPFR) correct answers complete range of frequencies
that an individual can generate, usually measured in octaves or semitones, a range of 3 octaves is
normal for young adults
pattern playback (pp) correct answers works in reverse to spectograph: converts visual patterns
into sounds
target undershoot correct answers formant patterns of different vowels become similar to each
other
crossover correct answers listener hears other sounds as a different phoneme
