Intelligence

Intelligence - answer-The ability to act purposely, think rationally, and deal effectively with the environment ____ includes cognitive abilities such as knowing how to gain knowledge, abstract thinking, problem solving, reasoning, memory, and the ability to apply knowledge to the environment Operational definitions - answer-When studying intelligence, researchers use ____ because an ____ specifies how a concept will be measured. In other words, a psychologist will decide what they mean by "intelligence" and then choose a way to measure it based on that definition. Standardized tests - answer-One common method of measuring intelligence is through the use of ____. These may include -*Achievement tests*, which measure acquired knowledge; -*Aptitude tests*, which measure innate ability. One common aptitude test is the Scholastic Aptitude Test, or SAT. Colleges use SAT scores to predict how successful students will be in college during their first year. Abstract measures - answer-____ assess how well an individual uses reasoning skills and applies what they know. An example of a reasoning question would be, "How are peaches, plums, and avocados different from bananas?" Verbal measures - answer-____ of intelligence assess reading and writing skills. An example of this measure would be having a participant read a paragraph and then answer comprehension questions. Speed of processing - answer-____ measures how well an individual performs a task under pressure. For example, a researcher could time a participant while they solve a puzzle Context - answer-The setting or environment in which a behavior occurs Culture - answer-A set of values, conventions, and social practices that are shared by a group of people in a particular time or place Context and culture - answer-By evaluating ____ and ____, psychologists can get a better idea of the characteristics of the environment in which an individual is rooted. ____ and ____ affect what people are exposed to and, therefore, what they learn. In the Amish culture, for example, children are thought to be a valuable asset, and start helping with chores at about age five. As they develop new skills, they are given increasing levels of responsibility. In this setting, intelligence may be thought of as competence in contributing to the family's productivity. Kenya - answer-In villages in ____, social competence is an important aspect of intelligence. Qualities such as respect, cleverness, consideration, and responsibility are highly valued. In addition, importance is placed on practical intelligence as it contributes to survival and adapting to everyday life. Apparent differences in intelligence between individuals or groups can often be explained by differences in context and culture. Fixed quality - answer-Intelligence is not a ____ Enriched environment - answer-____ is one that is deliberately made more challenging and stimulating Can improve IQ scores in children Deprived environment - answer-____ lacks stimulation and fails to meet the basic needs of the individual Abecedarian Project - answer-A study in which examined the effects of providing educational activities to low-income preschoolers. Research indicates that intelligence is influenced by the surrounding environment of an individual Educational opportunities - answer-In conclusion, better ____ at a young age lead to improved intellectual ability, higher educational achievement, and career success. Charles Spearman Alfred Binet - answer-Traditional theories of intelligence can be traced back to the late 1800s and early 1900s in Europe. Two early psychologists that laid the groundwork for contemporary theories of intelligence were ____ and ____ Charles Spearman - answer-____ was an English psychologist who believed that intelligence was a single quality based in the brain. He called this, *g*, or the general intelligence factor, and thought that it provided the framework for all intellectual performance. Factor analysis - answer-Spearman showed that scores on cognitive tasks like reading and math were all related. ____ uses statistics to cluster related items on tests known as factors. These factors are used to identify areas of performance that are present and contribute to the overall "g" score Alfred Binet - answer-____ has been credited with developing the first intelligence test and is thought to be the father of modern intelligence testing. ____ was asked by the French Ministry of Education to design a test to assess the cognitive abilities of children, so that they could be placed in classrooms that met their intellectual needs. He reasoned that an intellectually delayed child would perform similar to a child of normal intellect at a younger age. ____ decided to measure mental ability in terms of mental age, or MA Mental age (MA) - answer-____ is a level of mental development typical of individuals within a particular age group Chronological age (CA) - answer-Age in years Binet compared children's mental age to this Bright Intellectually challenged - answer-Intelligence was conceptualized as a person's mental abilities compared to the mental abilities of other people the same age. A child whose MA was greater than his or her CA was considered ____, A child whose MA was less than his or her CA was considered ____. William Stern - answer-Building on the work of Alfred Binet, German psychologist ____ coined the term intelligence quotient or IQ. Contemporary theories - answer-Regard intelligence as consisting of multiple aspects and abilities Robert Sternberg - answer-Cognitive psychologist Robert Sternberg____ known for his research studying the nature of intelligence. Sternberg explored the processes that underlie thinking, and the ability to apply knowledge to real-life situations. Triarchic theory of successful intelligence Triarchic theory of successful intelligence - answer-Robert Sternberg Intelligence is made up of three separate and distinct aspects: analytical, practical, and creative. One key element of Sternberg's theory is that each of these three components is learned, and can be strengthened and improved. People who succeed in doing so are able to capitalize on their strengths, while at the same time compensating for their weaknesses. For example, someone who doesn't have a good sense of direction might be good at reading a map. Analytical intelligence - answer-Is the ability to evaluate and compare contrasting information. Analytical skills are assessed by an aptitude test. Questions designed to assess these skills ask about meanings of words in context and how to solve problems using numbers. Practical intelligence - answer-Is the ability to apply one's skills to the appropriate setting. However, practical skills can be difficult to assess. One way to do this is to ask for a solution to a practical problem. For example, a practical skills test might ask you to identify the easiest way to get to a store from your house. Creative intelligence - answer-is one's ability to discover and invent something novel in an everyday setting. ____ can be assessed in many ways. Tasks that measure creative intelligence tend to be open-ended, such as drawing a picture, writing a poem, or designing an invention. Successful intelligence - answer-These three aspects (analytical, practical, creative intelligence) combine to form successful intelligence: the ability to adapt to, shape, and select environments that meet personal and societal goals. Howard Gardner - answer-Psychologist ____ developed a theory that intelligence was made of multiple abilities. In his theory, ____ identifies at least eight distinct intelligences or "frames of mind." They are: logical-mathematical spatial musical bodily-kinesthetic naturalistic interpersonal intrapersonal l