Test Bank: Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind,
Research, and Everyday Experience 5th Edition by E.
Bruce Goldstein - Ch. 1-13, 9781337408271, with
Rationales
Primary Memory - ANSWER: short term, the degree of relationship of stored info to consciousness,
very consciously aware or short term
Secondary Memory - ANSWER: not consciously aware of long term memories unless try to be, long
term
Chunking - ANSWER: taking info that belongs together and grouping it so that is it easier to remember
Sensory Memory - ANSWER: short duration store for sensory info
Echoic: auditory, 3-4 seconds
Iconic: visual, 1/10 second
Haptic: smell, 2 seconds
Implicit Memory - ANSWER: unaware of it, ex: how to tie a shoe
Explicit Memory - ANSWER: aware of it
Semantic Memory - ANSWER: dates of events, details
Episodic Memory - ANSWER: pertaining to events in your own life
Short Term Memory - ANSWER: in hippocampus, info gets lost or stored in cortex, use rehearsal or
memory strategies to move to long term memory
Long Term Memory - ANSWER: stored in cortex, if need to remember something then hippocampus
retrieves info to bring to consciousness
Ebbinghaus (1885) - ANSWER: used himself as a subject, memorized nonsense syllables because if use
real words it contaminates your memory, went back and relearned lists, looked for methods of saving.
Learning curve: takes time to get it at first, then each subsequent time gets better until a point when
start forgetting
Retention Curve: over time you stop forgetting
George Miller (1950s) - ANSWER: pioneer of cognitive revolution, thought that human mind was
interesting
Magical #7: plus or minus two, number of terms a person can hold in short term memory
took people and gave them lists of varying lengths and most people could remember 7 at a time
Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) - ANSWER: Standard model of memory:
Brown (1958) Peterson (1959) - ANSWER: wanted to find out how long info could staying their
memory without rehearsal
, subjects have to remember three letters and then count backwards by three
info in short term memory decays over time, duration of short term memory is 18 seconds, didn't
take into account that counting is interference
Proactive Interference - ANSWER: Each additional time you do something, performance declines
because info tried to remember on first trial is interfering with new info/ old info interferes with
making of new memories (new vs old bf)
Retroactive Interference - ANSWER: New info interferes with memory of old info (new locker combo)
Wickens (1972) - ANSWER: performance with each trial declines
given fruits to remember for three trials, fourth trial given new list, when change category
performance goes up
Decay Vs Interference Theory - ANSWER: Waugh and Norman (1965): think the reason for bad
memory is interference not time
subjects given a list of digits to remember, have a probe and asked what digit came after the probe
digits were presented either slow or fast
Sternberg (1966, 2004) - ANSWER: Thinks that the way we scan our memory is different for short and
long term: short term scans everything in memory without stopping even if found what looking for,
unlike long
Parallel search: scan all items in short term memory at once
Serial Self-terminating search: if find answer, stop scanning
Serial Exhaustive Search: scan everything, one thing at a time, whether something is found or not
Baddeley Model (1974, 1986) - ANSWER: focuses on functionality of working memory
replaces atkinson and shiffrin concept
focuses on function: hold and manipulate info
working memory not just short term: also place where you manipulate info, has different parts
reading comprehension: use working memory to read what currently looking at and remember what
you read before
Central Executive - ANSWER: attentional control: focus attention, select strategies, coordinate
behavior, information long term memory, inhibits so tells you what to pay attention to and what not
to pay attention to
drives the whole system
control and regulation of attention, inhibition
allocates to the subsystems
located in frontal lobe, executive functioning
Phonological Loop - ANSWER: process verbal info, component of working memory, deals with spoken
and written material, language and sounds
subvocalization: say words in your head when read
Phonological Store: short term store of auditory info, storage area of phonological loop, inner ear
Articulatory Loop: rehearses and refreshes info, inner voice
Visuospatial Sketchpad - ANSWER: processes visual info, visualization: imagine something
inner eye
Visual Cache: responsible for visual part of subsystem, temporarily stores visual info about form and
color (what)
Inner scribe: deals with spatial info, refreshes visual info in cache (visual moving things) (where)
Working Memory: Independent Capacities - ANSWER: Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
1. given simple true false task (BA), then added digits to memorize: took slightly longer to answer but
didn't make errors, so separate working memory for visual and verbal info
2. spatial task of matching, same results
Research, and Everyday Experience 5th Edition by E.
Bruce Goldstein - Ch. 1-13, 9781337408271, with
Rationales
Primary Memory - ANSWER: short term, the degree of relationship of stored info to consciousness,
very consciously aware or short term
Secondary Memory - ANSWER: not consciously aware of long term memories unless try to be, long
term
Chunking - ANSWER: taking info that belongs together and grouping it so that is it easier to remember
Sensory Memory - ANSWER: short duration store for sensory info
Echoic: auditory, 3-4 seconds
Iconic: visual, 1/10 second
Haptic: smell, 2 seconds
Implicit Memory - ANSWER: unaware of it, ex: how to tie a shoe
Explicit Memory - ANSWER: aware of it
Semantic Memory - ANSWER: dates of events, details
Episodic Memory - ANSWER: pertaining to events in your own life
Short Term Memory - ANSWER: in hippocampus, info gets lost or stored in cortex, use rehearsal or
memory strategies to move to long term memory
Long Term Memory - ANSWER: stored in cortex, if need to remember something then hippocampus
retrieves info to bring to consciousness
Ebbinghaus (1885) - ANSWER: used himself as a subject, memorized nonsense syllables because if use
real words it contaminates your memory, went back and relearned lists, looked for methods of saving.
Learning curve: takes time to get it at first, then each subsequent time gets better until a point when
start forgetting
Retention Curve: over time you stop forgetting
George Miller (1950s) - ANSWER: pioneer of cognitive revolution, thought that human mind was
interesting
Magical #7: plus or minus two, number of terms a person can hold in short term memory
took people and gave them lists of varying lengths and most people could remember 7 at a time
Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) - ANSWER: Standard model of memory:
Brown (1958) Peterson (1959) - ANSWER: wanted to find out how long info could staying their
memory without rehearsal
, subjects have to remember three letters and then count backwards by three
info in short term memory decays over time, duration of short term memory is 18 seconds, didn't
take into account that counting is interference
Proactive Interference - ANSWER: Each additional time you do something, performance declines
because info tried to remember on first trial is interfering with new info/ old info interferes with
making of new memories (new vs old bf)
Retroactive Interference - ANSWER: New info interferes with memory of old info (new locker combo)
Wickens (1972) - ANSWER: performance with each trial declines
given fruits to remember for three trials, fourth trial given new list, when change category
performance goes up
Decay Vs Interference Theory - ANSWER: Waugh and Norman (1965): think the reason for bad
memory is interference not time
subjects given a list of digits to remember, have a probe and asked what digit came after the probe
digits were presented either slow or fast
Sternberg (1966, 2004) - ANSWER: Thinks that the way we scan our memory is different for short and
long term: short term scans everything in memory without stopping even if found what looking for,
unlike long
Parallel search: scan all items in short term memory at once
Serial Self-terminating search: if find answer, stop scanning
Serial Exhaustive Search: scan everything, one thing at a time, whether something is found or not
Baddeley Model (1974, 1986) - ANSWER: focuses on functionality of working memory
replaces atkinson and shiffrin concept
focuses on function: hold and manipulate info
working memory not just short term: also place where you manipulate info, has different parts
reading comprehension: use working memory to read what currently looking at and remember what
you read before
Central Executive - ANSWER: attentional control: focus attention, select strategies, coordinate
behavior, information long term memory, inhibits so tells you what to pay attention to and what not
to pay attention to
drives the whole system
control and regulation of attention, inhibition
allocates to the subsystems
located in frontal lobe, executive functioning
Phonological Loop - ANSWER: process verbal info, component of working memory, deals with spoken
and written material, language and sounds
subvocalization: say words in your head when read
Phonological Store: short term store of auditory info, storage area of phonological loop, inner ear
Articulatory Loop: rehearses and refreshes info, inner voice
Visuospatial Sketchpad - ANSWER: processes visual info, visualization: imagine something
inner eye
Visual Cache: responsible for visual part of subsystem, temporarily stores visual info about form and
color (what)
Inner scribe: deals with spatial info, refreshes visual info in cache (visual moving things) (where)
Working Memory: Independent Capacities - ANSWER: Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
1. given simple true false task (BA), then added digits to memorize: took slightly longer to answer but
didn't make errors, so separate working memory for visual and verbal info
2. spatial task of matching, same results
