KINE 2049 Final Exam Study Guide 2024/2025 with
Complete Solutions
Relative risk / risk ratio - Correct Answer probability of an event occurring in an exposed group
divided (i.e. 30%) by probability of the event occuring in a comparison group (usually non exposed,
i.e. 5%).
RRR results meanings - Correct Answer RR=1 -> no risk of outcome
RR>1 -> increased risk of outcome
RR<1 -> decreased risk of income
Absolute risk reduction (ARR) - Correct Answer difference in event rates between the experimental
group and the control group. Usually expressed as percentage.
ARR = CER (control event group, # of ___ with no treatment) - EER (experimental event group, # of
___ with treatment)
Relative risk reduction (RRR): - Correct Answer RRR = (CER - EER) / CER
Does not consider the initial baseline risk of the outcome event. Makes trivial outcomes seem major.
Pharmaceutical companies use this.
In order to be meaningful RRR should be reviewed in context with underlying incidence (baseline
risk) of the event.
Basic research - Correct Answer goal is to discover new knowledge, deals with theoretical problems
and may have no practical application at present time.
applied research - Correct Answer an effort to solve an immediate problem and uses real world
setting
quantitative research - Correct Answer how many, what size, etc. cant capture the 'why'. Collect
numerical data to understand the concept being studied. Attempt to develop a mathematical model.
qualitative research - Correct Answer relies mainly on observations to determine reasons for human
behaviour. Tools include focus groups, in-depth interviews and questionnaires. Occurs in natural
settings, open ended interviews, detailed observation and analysis and subjective interpretation.
,descriptive research - Correct Answer gathering info about naturally occurring events. Using surveys,
observation and correlation.
experimental research - Correct Answer manipulate variables to understand cause and effect
relationships. Considered gold standard. Greatest amount of control over variables. Much easier in
physical sciences.
longitudinal research - Correct Answer same subjects are measured repeatedly over an extended
period, many months or years (like a movie)
cross-sectional research - Correct Answer subjects are measured at the same time (like a photo)
gold standard of research - Correct Answer take a random sample from a population. Then, split the
random sample randomly again and put 1 portion in the control group and another in the treatment
group. Then, measure results. Measure RCT - randomized control trial.
levels of knowledge - Correct Answer Description: a researcher identifies what they see. I.e.
Recognize that heart attack is a big cause of death.
Prediction: i.e. can we predict who will have a heart attack?
Control: if we knew what was going on, we would be able to control things. I.e. drugs
Explanation: If we truly understand something, we can explain exactly what's going on. I.e. we
cannot fully explain what's going on with cancer or heart attacks as we don't fully understand it.
4 significant points in development of human knowledge: - Correct Answer Speech: important
because it allows us to communicate and therefore share ideas, allows us to develop more than any
animals.
Writing: Ability to write things out gave humans a huge advantage
Printing press: Allowed us to mass distribute ideas that were written down. Prior to this, they were
only available to special people, not to average people, because it was very expensive and took long
to make. People of power didn't want average people to have knowledge.
Computers: allowed for humans to access info rapidly, store info and distribute to one another at
speed of light.
,Linked data: sharing data to find solutions to problems we face
Ways of knowing: - Correct Answer Custom and tradition
I.e. christmas, santa claus
Authority
"They" say that...
I.e. teachers
Personal experience
Includes superstitions and intuition
Become wise, not smart - learn from other people's mistakes
I.e. touching stove and getting burned, then learning not to touch something hot again
Reasoning - deductive and inductive (both needed):
Deductive: Start with a theory, end with observation/confirmation. Saying 'I know that you have
eaten within the past 24 hours'. Start broad, end up with narrow.
Inductive: Start with observation, then end with a theory. Start with narrow, make it broad.
Scientific inquiry
5-6 step process
Assumptions of science: - Correct Answer Universe operates according to laws: i.e. gravity
Laws are immutable: i.e. gravity will make things drop down, not sideway
Can be understood in various ways
7 Characteristics of good research: - Correct Answer Objective and unbiased.
I.e. Wakefield was not unbiased because he had an alternate vaccine.
, Based on empirical research (experimenting).
Develop generalizations
Unhurried and patient
I.e. Covid-19 research is not patient
Replication
Other research can confirm or question results
Drug companies often do not allow this because they don't want people to use their results
I.e. chemists that say they discovered nuclear fusion - when others tried to replicate findings, they
were not successful.
Requires courage
Sometimes research is not well accepted by society
Tenure allows researchers to be more confident that they won't get fired if they come out with
finding that people don't like
I.e. David Healy worked for CAMH and spoke out against drugs from a company that contributed
financially to CAMH so he was fired.
Reductive
Magic pill approach
Pharmaceutical companies usually present ________ because it provides more impressive results,
but they are not very accurate. - Correct Answer RRR
Most research is conducted on - Correct Answer young healthy white males and then is generalized
to the whole population.
directional (research) hypothesis - Correct Answer i.e. students who exercise will do better than
students who don't - there is a direction implied.
Complete Solutions
Relative risk / risk ratio - Correct Answer probability of an event occurring in an exposed group
divided (i.e. 30%) by probability of the event occuring in a comparison group (usually non exposed,
i.e. 5%).
RRR results meanings - Correct Answer RR=1 -> no risk of outcome
RR>1 -> increased risk of outcome
RR<1 -> decreased risk of income
Absolute risk reduction (ARR) - Correct Answer difference in event rates between the experimental
group and the control group. Usually expressed as percentage.
ARR = CER (control event group, # of ___ with no treatment) - EER (experimental event group, # of
___ with treatment)
Relative risk reduction (RRR): - Correct Answer RRR = (CER - EER) / CER
Does not consider the initial baseline risk of the outcome event. Makes trivial outcomes seem major.
Pharmaceutical companies use this.
In order to be meaningful RRR should be reviewed in context with underlying incidence (baseline
risk) of the event.
Basic research - Correct Answer goal is to discover new knowledge, deals with theoretical problems
and may have no practical application at present time.
applied research - Correct Answer an effort to solve an immediate problem and uses real world
setting
quantitative research - Correct Answer how many, what size, etc. cant capture the 'why'. Collect
numerical data to understand the concept being studied. Attempt to develop a mathematical model.
qualitative research - Correct Answer relies mainly on observations to determine reasons for human
behaviour. Tools include focus groups, in-depth interviews and questionnaires. Occurs in natural
settings, open ended interviews, detailed observation and analysis and subjective interpretation.
,descriptive research - Correct Answer gathering info about naturally occurring events. Using surveys,
observation and correlation.
experimental research - Correct Answer manipulate variables to understand cause and effect
relationships. Considered gold standard. Greatest amount of control over variables. Much easier in
physical sciences.
longitudinal research - Correct Answer same subjects are measured repeatedly over an extended
period, many months or years (like a movie)
cross-sectional research - Correct Answer subjects are measured at the same time (like a photo)
gold standard of research - Correct Answer take a random sample from a population. Then, split the
random sample randomly again and put 1 portion in the control group and another in the treatment
group. Then, measure results. Measure RCT - randomized control trial.
levels of knowledge - Correct Answer Description: a researcher identifies what they see. I.e.
Recognize that heart attack is a big cause of death.
Prediction: i.e. can we predict who will have a heart attack?
Control: if we knew what was going on, we would be able to control things. I.e. drugs
Explanation: If we truly understand something, we can explain exactly what's going on. I.e. we
cannot fully explain what's going on with cancer or heart attacks as we don't fully understand it.
4 significant points in development of human knowledge: - Correct Answer Speech: important
because it allows us to communicate and therefore share ideas, allows us to develop more than any
animals.
Writing: Ability to write things out gave humans a huge advantage
Printing press: Allowed us to mass distribute ideas that were written down. Prior to this, they were
only available to special people, not to average people, because it was very expensive and took long
to make. People of power didn't want average people to have knowledge.
Computers: allowed for humans to access info rapidly, store info and distribute to one another at
speed of light.
,Linked data: sharing data to find solutions to problems we face
Ways of knowing: - Correct Answer Custom and tradition
I.e. christmas, santa claus
Authority
"They" say that...
I.e. teachers
Personal experience
Includes superstitions and intuition
Become wise, not smart - learn from other people's mistakes
I.e. touching stove and getting burned, then learning not to touch something hot again
Reasoning - deductive and inductive (both needed):
Deductive: Start with a theory, end with observation/confirmation. Saying 'I know that you have
eaten within the past 24 hours'. Start broad, end up with narrow.
Inductive: Start with observation, then end with a theory. Start with narrow, make it broad.
Scientific inquiry
5-6 step process
Assumptions of science: - Correct Answer Universe operates according to laws: i.e. gravity
Laws are immutable: i.e. gravity will make things drop down, not sideway
Can be understood in various ways
7 Characteristics of good research: - Correct Answer Objective and unbiased.
I.e. Wakefield was not unbiased because he had an alternate vaccine.
, Based on empirical research (experimenting).
Develop generalizations
Unhurried and patient
I.e. Covid-19 research is not patient
Replication
Other research can confirm or question results
Drug companies often do not allow this because they don't want people to use their results
I.e. chemists that say they discovered nuclear fusion - when others tried to replicate findings, they
were not successful.
Requires courage
Sometimes research is not well accepted by society
Tenure allows researchers to be more confident that they won't get fired if they come out with
finding that people don't like
I.e. David Healy worked for CAMH and spoke out against drugs from a company that contributed
financially to CAMH so he was fired.
Reductive
Magic pill approach
Pharmaceutical companies usually present ________ because it provides more impressive results,
but they are not very accurate. - Correct Answer RRR
Most research is conducted on - Correct Answer young healthy white males and then is generalized
to the whole population.
directional (research) hypothesis - Correct Answer i.e. students who exercise will do better than
students who don't - there is a direction implied.
