Chemical bonding

Chemical bonding is a key concept in chemistry that describes how atoms interact and form compounds. According to the NCERT (National Council of Educational Research and Training) syllabus, chemical bonding typically covers: 1. **Types of Chemical Bonds:** - **Ionic Bonds:** Formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, creating ions that attract each other. Example: Sodium chloride (NaCl). - **Covalent Bonds:** Formed when atoms share electrons to achieve stability. Example: Water (H₂O). - **Metallic Bonds:** Occur between metal atoms where electrons are shared collectively in a 'sea of electrons.' Example: Copper (Cu). 2. **Lewis Structures:** Represent the bonding between atoms and the lone pairs of electrons in a molecule. 3. **VSEPR Theory (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion):** Predicts the shape of molecules based on the repulsion between electron pairs around a central atom. 4. **Bonding Theories:** - **Valence Bond Theory:** Explains how atomic orbitals overlap to form bonds. - **Molecular Orbital Theory:** Describes the formation of molecular orbitals from the combination of atomic orbitals. 5. **Polarity of Molecules:** Explains how differences in electronegativity between atoms in a molecule can create a dipole moment, leading to polar or nonpolar molecules. These topics cover fundamental concepts in understanding how and why atoms bond to form various substances. For detailed information, you can refer to the specific chapters in the NCERT textbook for Class 11 or Class 12 chemistry.