HKIN 191 Final Test Questions and
Answers
Biological work - Answer-Mechanical Work- Muscle contractions
Transport Work- Active transport of substances among cells, Endocytosis
Chemical work- Anabolic and catabolic reactions that occur in the body.
Enzymes - Answer-Proteins that speed up chemical reactions as catalysts
Coenzymes - Answer-facilitate enzyme action by binding a substrate to its specific
enzyme
Hydrolysis - Answer-Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of
water
Condensation - Answer-Rebirth of hydrolysis, simple to complex molecules.
Photosynthesis - Answer-plants transfer solar energy to potential energy in CHO, fats,
and proteins. Endergonic process.
cellular respiration - Answer-Exergonic process where stored energy couples to
chemical compounds for biological work.
Electron Transport - Answer-The final common pathway in aerobic metabolism. For
each pair of hydrogen atoms, two electrons flow down the chain and reduce one oxygen
atom (LEO). The process ends when oxygen accepts two hydrogen electrons and forms
water (GER).
ATP vs ADP vs AMP - Answer-3 phosphates, 2 phosphates, 1 phosphates with ribose
sugar and adenine nitrogenous base.
ATPase vs. ATP synthase - Answer-ATPase: breaks down ATP to ADP plus inorganic
phosphate. Linked with proton pump.
ATP Synthase: builds ATP from ADP and an inorganic phosphate molecule.
ATP hydrolysis vs ATP synthesis - Answer-Hydrolysis forms ADP and P from ATP
which releases energy. Synthesis (phosphorylation) requires an input of free energy to
go from ADP +P to ATP. If oxygen is present it is aerobic, if oxygen is not present it is
anaerobic.
Catabolism and Anabolism - Answer-anaBolism requires energy to BUILD up
, Catabolism requires energy to CUT down
Phosphocreatine (PCr) - Answer-a high-energy compound that can be used to re-form
ATP. it is used primarily during bursts of activity, such as lifting and jumping. Anaerobic
conditions.
cellular oxidation - Answer-Constitutes the mechanism for energy metabolism -
biochemical mechanism.
Involve the transfer of hydrogen atoms
Loss of hydrogen: oxidation
Gain of hydrogen: reduction
Mitochondria contain carrier molecules that remove electrons from hydrogen and pass
them to oxygen.
ATP synthesis occurs during redox reactions.
Substrate phosphorylation vs oxidation phosphorylation - Answer-Oxidation:
Synthesizes ATP by transferring electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen
Substrate: anaerobically through glycolysis. phosphorylated intermediate with ADP is
used to form ATP. Limited.
lactic acid vs lactate - Answer-Lactic acid can be produced from glycolysis and can
dissociate into lactate (conjugate base) and H+ by donating a H+ ion to the conjugate
base.
H+ can be taken up by NAD+ and brought to ETC and accounts for the rise in acidity
during exercise.
Glycolysis - Answer-First step in Cellular respiration releasing the energy of glucose, in
which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic. Fructose 1 6-
bisphosphate also shows up. Phosphorylation of glucose by ATP.
Anaerobic: pyruvate-to-lactate
Aerobic: pyruvate-to-acetyl-CoA-to-citric acid cycle
Body Volume - Answer-the amount of space that a body takes up, can be measured
through hydrodensitometry or displacement.
Body Density - Answer-The weight of molecules present in a certain volume.
D= Mass (kg)/Volume (m^3)
Archimedes' Principle - Answer-The buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of
the fluid displaced by the object. An object heavier than the water it displaces will sink,
lighter will float. Can be used to calculate body fat %.
Answers
Biological work - Answer-Mechanical Work- Muscle contractions
Transport Work- Active transport of substances among cells, Endocytosis
Chemical work- Anabolic and catabolic reactions that occur in the body.
Enzymes - Answer-Proteins that speed up chemical reactions as catalysts
Coenzymes - Answer-facilitate enzyme action by binding a substrate to its specific
enzyme
Hydrolysis - Answer-Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of
water
Condensation - Answer-Rebirth of hydrolysis, simple to complex molecules.
Photosynthesis - Answer-plants transfer solar energy to potential energy in CHO, fats,
and proteins. Endergonic process.
cellular respiration - Answer-Exergonic process where stored energy couples to
chemical compounds for biological work.
Electron Transport - Answer-The final common pathway in aerobic metabolism. For
each pair of hydrogen atoms, two electrons flow down the chain and reduce one oxygen
atom (LEO). The process ends when oxygen accepts two hydrogen electrons and forms
water (GER).
ATP vs ADP vs AMP - Answer-3 phosphates, 2 phosphates, 1 phosphates with ribose
sugar and adenine nitrogenous base.
ATPase vs. ATP synthase - Answer-ATPase: breaks down ATP to ADP plus inorganic
phosphate. Linked with proton pump.
ATP Synthase: builds ATP from ADP and an inorganic phosphate molecule.
ATP hydrolysis vs ATP synthesis - Answer-Hydrolysis forms ADP and P from ATP
which releases energy. Synthesis (phosphorylation) requires an input of free energy to
go from ADP +P to ATP. If oxygen is present it is aerobic, if oxygen is not present it is
anaerobic.
Catabolism and Anabolism - Answer-anaBolism requires energy to BUILD up
, Catabolism requires energy to CUT down
Phosphocreatine (PCr) - Answer-a high-energy compound that can be used to re-form
ATP. it is used primarily during bursts of activity, such as lifting and jumping. Anaerobic
conditions.
cellular oxidation - Answer-Constitutes the mechanism for energy metabolism -
biochemical mechanism.
Involve the transfer of hydrogen atoms
Loss of hydrogen: oxidation
Gain of hydrogen: reduction
Mitochondria contain carrier molecules that remove electrons from hydrogen and pass
them to oxygen.
ATP synthesis occurs during redox reactions.
Substrate phosphorylation vs oxidation phosphorylation - Answer-Oxidation:
Synthesizes ATP by transferring electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen
Substrate: anaerobically through glycolysis. phosphorylated intermediate with ADP is
used to form ATP. Limited.
lactic acid vs lactate - Answer-Lactic acid can be produced from glycolysis and can
dissociate into lactate (conjugate base) and H+ by donating a H+ ion to the conjugate
base.
H+ can be taken up by NAD+ and brought to ETC and accounts for the rise in acidity
during exercise.
Glycolysis - Answer-First step in Cellular respiration releasing the energy of glucose, in
which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic. Fructose 1 6-
bisphosphate also shows up. Phosphorylation of glucose by ATP.
Anaerobic: pyruvate-to-lactate
Aerobic: pyruvate-to-acetyl-CoA-to-citric acid cycle
Body Volume - Answer-the amount of space that a body takes up, can be measured
through hydrodensitometry or displacement.
Body Density - Answer-The weight of molecules present in a certain volume.
D= Mass (kg)/Volume (m^3)
Archimedes' Principle - Answer-The buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of
the fluid displaced by the object. An object heavier than the water it displaces will sink,
lighter will float. Can be used to calculate body fat %.
