Mastering Biology Chapter 1-4 Reviews
Exam Questions and Answers
Evoluton - Answer -Descent with modification; the idea that living species are
descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present-day ones; also
defined more narrowly as the change in the genetic composition of a population from
generation to generation.
Biology - Answer -The scientific study of life.
Emergent Properties - Answer -New properties that arise with each step upward in the
hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity
increases.
~A compound has chemical and physical characteristics different from those of its
constituent elements
Systems Biology - Answer -An approach to studying biology that aims to model the
dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions
among the system's parts.
Cell - Answer --The basic unit of structure and function in living things
-All living cells are made up of ...
-New ones can only produce from existing ones.
Eukaryotic Cells - Answer -A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and
membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi,
and animals) are called eukaryotes..
-Have a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles.
-Can be unicellular or multi-cellular (plants, animals, fungi, and protists)
Prokaryotic Cell - Answer -A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and
membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and
archaea) are called prokaryotes.
-Simple cell with no nucleus
-Can only be unicellular (ex: bacteria)
both prokaryotes and eukaryotes - Answer --Contain DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and a
cell membrane.
,-Can have a cell wall.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - Answer --A blueprint for building proteins
- found in nucleus
- made up of nucleotides
- double helix
-Basic unit (monomer) of a DNA molecule
- 5 Carbon sugars (deoxyribos)
-Phosphate groups
-Nitrogen
A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide
strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous
bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being
replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.
-Found in the nucleus
-Hold the genetic "blueprint" for building proteins
-Double Stranded
-Bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine (A, T, C, G)
Gene - Answer -A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific
nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses)
Gene Expression - Answer -The process by which information encoded in DNA directs
the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins
and instead function as RNAs.
mRNA - Answer -messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in
the nucleus to the ribosome
Genome - Answer -The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete
complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid
sequences.
Genomics - Answer -The study of whole sets of genes and their interactions within a
species, as well as genome comparisons between species.
Proteomics - Answer -The systematic study of the full protein sets (proteomes) encoded
by genomes.
Proteome - Answer -The entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell, tissue, or
organism.
Bioinformatics - Answer -The use of computers, software, and mathematical models to
process and integrate biological information from large data sets.
Amino acids - Answer -1) amino group
, 2) carboxyl group
3) Hydrogen atom
4) side chain bonded to the central atom
An organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group. Amino acids
serve as the monomers of polypeptides.
Peptide bond - Answer -unites 2 amino acids from the carboxyl group of 1 amino acid to
the amino group of the other.
The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group
on another, formed by a dehydration reaction.
Photosynthesis - Answer -1) Reactants: Energy (from sun), Carbn Dioxide (CO2) ,
Water (H2O)
2) Products: Oxygen, Glucose (organic molecules)
3) All energy in food chain comes from sun.
4) Occurs in the chloroplast.
5) 2 steps: Light dependent and light independent (calvin cycle)
process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water
and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and
starches
Climate Change - Answer -A directional change in temperature, precipitation, or other
aspect of the global climate that lasts for three decades or more.
Evolution - Answer -Descent with modification; the idea that living species are
descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present-day ones; also
defined more narrowly as the change in the genetic composition of a population from
generation to generation.
Eubacteria - Answer -prokaryotes (single celled)
The domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms.
Archaebacteria - Answer --Ether-linked cell membrane (good for protection in harsh
environments)
-Archaic (old) life forms
-Live with high temperatures, low pH, high salinity
Linnaean Classification System - Answer -Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus,
species
Animal - Answer -Heterotrophs, multicellular
Plant - Answer -Autotrophs, multicellular
Exam Questions and Answers
Evoluton - Answer -Descent with modification; the idea that living species are
descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present-day ones; also
defined more narrowly as the change in the genetic composition of a population from
generation to generation.
Biology - Answer -The scientific study of life.
Emergent Properties - Answer -New properties that arise with each step upward in the
hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity
increases.
~A compound has chemical and physical characteristics different from those of its
constituent elements
Systems Biology - Answer -An approach to studying biology that aims to model the
dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions
among the system's parts.
Cell - Answer --The basic unit of structure and function in living things
-All living cells are made up of ...
-New ones can only produce from existing ones.
Eukaryotic Cells - Answer -A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and
membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi,
and animals) are called eukaryotes..
-Have a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles.
-Can be unicellular or multi-cellular (plants, animals, fungi, and protists)
Prokaryotic Cell - Answer -A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and
membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and
archaea) are called prokaryotes.
-Simple cell with no nucleus
-Can only be unicellular (ex: bacteria)
both prokaryotes and eukaryotes - Answer --Contain DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and a
cell membrane.
,-Can have a cell wall.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - Answer --A blueprint for building proteins
- found in nucleus
- made up of nucleotides
- double helix
-Basic unit (monomer) of a DNA molecule
- 5 Carbon sugars (deoxyribos)
-Phosphate groups
-Nitrogen
A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide
strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous
bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being
replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.
-Found in the nucleus
-Hold the genetic "blueprint" for building proteins
-Double Stranded
-Bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine (A, T, C, G)
Gene - Answer -A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific
nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses)
Gene Expression - Answer -The process by which information encoded in DNA directs
the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins
and instead function as RNAs.
mRNA - Answer -messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in
the nucleus to the ribosome
Genome - Answer -The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete
complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid
sequences.
Genomics - Answer -The study of whole sets of genes and their interactions within a
species, as well as genome comparisons between species.
Proteomics - Answer -The systematic study of the full protein sets (proteomes) encoded
by genomes.
Proteome - Answer -The entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell, tissue, or
organism.
Bioinformatics - Answer -The use of computers, software, and mathematical models to
process and integrate biological information from large data sets.
Amino acids - Answer -1) amino group
, 2) carboxyl group
3) Hydrogen atom
4) side chain bonded to the central atom
An organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group. Amino acids
serve as the monomers of polypeptides.
Peptide bond - Answer -unites 2 amino acids from the carboxyl group of 1 amino acid to
the amino group of the other.
The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group
on another, formed by a dehydration reaction.
Photosynthesis - Answer -1) Reactants: Energy (from sun), Carbn Dioxide (CO2) ,
Water (H2O)
2) Products: Oxygen, Glucose (organic molecules)
3) All energy in food chain comes from sun.
4) Occurs in the chloroplast.
5) 2 steps: Light dependent and light independent (calvin cycle)
process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water
and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and
starches
Climate Change - Answer -A directional change in temperature, precipitation, or other
aspect of the global climate that lasts for three decades or more.
Evolution - Answer -Descent with modification; the idea that living species are
descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present-day ones; also
defined more narrowly as the change in the genetic composition of a population from
generation to generation.
Eubacteria - Answer -prokaryotes (single celled)
The domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms.
Archaebacteria - Answer --Ether-linked cell membrane (good for protection in harsh
environments)
-Archaic (old) life forms
-Live with high temperatures, low pH, high salinity
Linnaean Classification System - Answer -Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus,
species
Animal - Answer -Heterotrophs, multicellular
Plant - Answer -Autotrophs, multicellular
