EDF 6222 Final Exam Questions With Multiple Choices And Verified Answers.

psychophysical parallelism - correct answer While some methodological behaviorists accept that there are mental states, they have ruled them completely out of consideration. This is not a new concept and was once referred to as . methodological - correct answer behaviorism might be thought of as a psychological version of logical positivism or operationism. introspection - correct answer Structuralism relied on , which looked inward to describe sensations, images, and feelings philosophy - correct answer "Behaviorism is not the science of human behavior; it is the of that science" (Skinner, 1974. p.3). parsimony - correct answer With , we look for the simplest explanation possible, not extensive mentalistic explanations. bias, evidence, replication - correct answer In order to be excellent stewards of science, as behavior analysts, we can follow a few guidelines when gathering and evaluating evidence. This includes reducing ___ by ensuring interobserver agreement, examining for actual ___(as opposed to effects that could have produced changes without the intervention), ___ , and self-correction. evidence - correct answer Being scientifically skeptical means that until there is available, assumptions should not be made. science, lawful relations - correct answer "___ is more than the mere description of events as they occur. It is an attempt to discover order, to show that certain events stand in ___ to other events (Skinner, 1953, p.6)." mentalistic, explanatory - correct answer In Pavlov's early research, he did not jump to conclusions to suggest that the dog was "thinking" of food, and therefore salivating. Instead, he carefully controlled conditions that allowed him to show that particular stimuli can "acquire" the ability to elicit secretion. His careful analysis of the scientific method allowed him to avoid both ___ and ___ fictions debilitating - correct answer The evolutionary explanation for reflexes indicates that they are for the survival of the organism. However, we know all too well that sometimes responses can be conditioned that serve no purpose - even add a __ purpose - to our complex lives. conditioning, stimulus control, novel - correct answer Skinner (1953) informed us "Although the process of __ greatly extends the scope of the eliciting stimulus, it does not bring all the behavior of the organism within such __ "(p. 56). Conditioning can add numerous different eliciting stimuli, but it will never fashion a __ response. prediction, control, accessible - correct answer According to Skinner, contingencies of reinforcement have an edge over contingencies of survival because contingencies of reinforcement "Have the edge with __ and __ and the conditions under which a species acquires behavior are relatively __ and can often be manipulated". ontogeny - correct answer is the learned behaviors of a particular animal during its lifetime. phylogeny - correct answer is behaviors that have been passed down over the lifetime of the entire species. chain, learned - correct answer It can be difficult to distinguish between ontogenetic and phylogenic established behaviors. For a person viewing a complex __ for the first time, it may seem mysterious. But each step of the chain can be traced back to the shaping process. Just because the shaping process was not observed, it does not mean that it was not __ . However, when we view a spider spin a web "no comparable history can be invoked" to determine the phylogenic contingencies at work (Skinner, 1966, p.1208). genes, environment, cause - correct answer Moore (2015) stated " __ predispose an individual's susceptibility to influence from the __ (p. 27). We must be careful not to assert that genes "__ " behavior; rather, they set up the physical basis for the processes and structures that participate in behavior. Behavior still occurs in the context of the environment. model - correct answer Imitative responses necessarily require the learner to orient toward the __ rather than the topographical correspondence of their behavior with respect to the model. discriminative control - correct answer The use of the mirror provides the additional feedback required to receive __ of the model. think - correct answer The most substantial origins of our understanding of operant behavior derived from Darwin's controversial idea that humans were not unique in their ability to law of effect, pleasant, decrease - correct answer Thorndike's __ succinctly explained that organisms tend to learn new things when behaviors are followed by __ stimuli and that behaviors tend to __ when followed by negative stimuli free will - correct answer It is also widely misunderstood that operant conditioning suggests that organisms cannot control their own behavior due to a lack of __. This is untrue, as once the environment is understood, it can be altered in our favor (Epstein, 1997). extinction, punishment, skill acquisition - correct answer When reinforcement is no longer present, the behavior undergoes __ . __ reduces future instances of a behavior, but it is never responsible for __ Instead of " __, Skinner proposed that we measure behavior in terms of frequency: "he must be able to execute and repeat a given act, and other behavior must not interfere appreciably" (p.63). With this method, we do not have to assume any level of __ - there are many __ variables in the environment that can be observed to explain an increase or decrease in behavior. - correct answer Instead of " __, Skinner proposed that we measure behavior in terms of frequency: "he must be able to execute and repeat a given act, and other behavior must not interfere appreciably" (p.63). With this method, we do not have to assume any level of __ - there are many __ variables in the environment that can be observed to explain an increase or decrease in behavior. errors, frequency - correct answer Although the process of learning may appear to be trial and error, we must be careful not to assume that non-responses are __. Skinner further ridiculed the term "learning", as it is still an unobservable, incorrect account of what has occurred. Instead, Skinner said, "(when) we make a given consequence contingent upon certain physical properties of behavior", the __ of that behavior will increase (p.64). response - correct answer Because we cannot predict a __ that has already occurred, we posit that similar responses in the future will occur. Hence, operant response class was born. extinction, sooner - correct answer Resistance to __ cannot be determined without an accurate account of the reinforcement history. So, responses that were not reinforced for very long will be extinguished __ than those with a longer history of reinforcement. functional relationship - correct answer We can define purpose behaviorally by suggesting that there is a __ between the behavior and the environment and the consequences can chain together in numerous ways indefinitely. Purpose, is not a mental phenomenon that influences future behavior. effective, increases - correct answer Lattal reminded us that " __ reinforcers" is redundant. The very nature of the definition is that if it __ behavior, it is therefore a reinforcer. An "ineffective" reinforcer does not exist. repertoire, socially appropriate, spontaneously - correct answer Various verbal communities will influence the __ of the speaker. This is not only how we acquire different languages and various dialects, but also what is __. Although the verbal repertoire is shaped by the audience, once established, verbal behavior can occur __ without any environmental support. communication, vocal - correct answer Often in the field of behavior analysis, practitioners will call a client "nonverbal". To indicate this would eradicate the possibility of any mode of communication, including gestures, signs, picture exchange communication, etc. __ should be defined by whether or not the behavior of the speaker is reinforced by the listener. A child can ask for "cookie" by vocalizing, signing, gesturing, grabbing, etc. What practitioners usually mean when they say "non-verbal" is "non- __ ", meaning spoken language is not used to communicate. responses, listener - correct answer Meanings of words are actually contingencies that have been shaped by the listener and their __ . The repertoires between the speaker and the listener are different unlike psychological views of "meaning" in which we "impart" our knowledge to the __ behavior analysis - correct answer Something peculiar occurs when we record or write our language - the entire __ is unavailable. Examining written sentences and linguistic limericks are irrelevant, because they are not reflective of a relevant analysis stimulus control - correct answer More complex language (sentences, etc.) can simply be explained by __ , as opposed to referent. Referents often mean that every term must have an entity to which it corresponds (Moore, p. 35). This is problematic, as it unleashes a plethora of [mentalistic] explanations. Again, sticking with parsimony, we see that the stimuli in the environment fashion under which circumstances particular verbal behavior will occur. Ogden Lindsley - correct answer __ created precision teaching that adhered to BF Skinner's rate of response and cumulative response recording to measure behavior. universal datum, dimension - correct answer Lindsley reviewed the impression that the rate of response (or - more simply and allowable - frequency) had on him, indicating that it was "much more than Skinner's __ " it was actually "a __ of behavior" (p.254). 10, 100 - correct answer Lindsley (see also Johnston & Pennypacker, 1980) stressed that frequency data was __ to __ times more sensitive to programming changes than percentage correct. curricula, science, logarithmic - correct answer Precision teaching is a method that adjusts the __ for each learner to maximize learning based on their own celeration chart. Lindsley aimed to put "__ in the hands of students and teachers" and created the standard celeration chart, a __ chart that visually aligns learner goals and progress with fluency (Binder, 1989, p.12). reinforcing, knowledge - correct answer "A well-designed lesson can be highly __ not because students are getting rewards, but simply because they are frequently able to demonstrate their __ ". behavior, affecting, private - correct answer "When we say that __ is a function of the environment, the term "environment" means any event in the universe capable of __ the organism . . .a small part of this universe is __ (Skinner, 1953, p.257). private, accessibility - correct answer Skinner asserted that __ events only differ from overt events based on their __ . They are not special in structure or nature. verbal responses - correct answer Private events do come with skepticism - as they should. We mistrust __ to private events because we cannot always establish their truth. interoceptive, proprioceptive, exteroceptive - correct answer Skinner mentions three different kinds of internal stimuli. __ which are stimuli related to the digestive, respiratory, and circulatory systems. This would include a racing heart or a growling stomach. -__ stimuli, which are identified by the position and movement of the body in space and by the position and movement of parts of the body with respect other parts. Typically, we respond to these stimuli in combination with __ stimuli, which are concerned with seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, and feeling in respect to the world around us, but it also helps shape how we discuss and observe our own body. incorrect, perceptual, current, covert, private, public - correct answer Skinner discussed many other conditions in which the community can shape responses to - at the risk of being __ at times. These include: probable behavior, __ behavior (where we rely on current events and our senses that allow verification. For example, when you state, "Did you feel that?" referring to an earthquake), past behavior (where we use vocabulary acquired from __ behavior but the speaker must have had the experience of being present in the past. For example, when asked, "Where did you go yesterday?" the person can reply, "I went to the movies"), __ behavior (covert behavior is discussed in depth in Science and Human Behavior, but is essentially describing __ conditions associated with -__ behavior, but not necessarily generated by it. For example the question, "What are you thinking?"), and future behavior (future behavior is another difficult realm, as it could mean a report on a [covert] behavior such as, "I am going to give this to him when I see him", tension, frequency, private event - correct answer Hefferline and Keenan (as cited in Moore, 2015) described a scenario in which rewards were given to participants based on the __ of their thumb muscle. This tension was so miniscule, the movement was not visible by the naked eye. Nonetheless, the __ of this tension increased in participants. This was an example of a __ that the participants were unable to describe what the contingencies were. traditional, behavior - correct answer We now can understand why behavior analysts disagree with the __ view that mental causes mediate the relationship between the environment and the __. past - correct answer Jay Moore stated that we can make introspective statements about our feelings, but "(we make) statements about what caused them to engage in some form of behavior in the __, what is causing them to engage in some form of behavior currently and what is likely to cause them to engage in some form of behavior in the future" (p.54). private events, control - correct answer Luckily, __ are rarely crucial in the practical __ of human behavior phantom limb - correct answer A __ is an arm or a leg that lingers indefinitely in the minds of patients long after it has been lost. inventions, behaving, mind - correct answer Skinner (1974) stated, "mental life and the world in which it is lived are __ . Thinking is __.The mistake is in allocating the behavior to the __(p. 115). covert, taught, improved - correct answer Application of a behavioral analysis to other __ behaviors such as discrimination, decision-making, and concept formation not only elucidates process by which these behaviors are learned, it also allows for further investigation into how such behaviors might be __ and __ . mentalistic explanations, response, change, histories - correct answer Recall is another complex behavior addressed in Skinner's writings that has addressed by __ It is incorrect to presume that the __ we eventually emit is somehow "stored" somewhere inside of us. In addition, "the contingencies which affect an organism are not stored by it; they simply __ it" (1974, p. 121). Instead, the response exists in our -[response] and the contingencies exist in our learning __, and we are able to emit the response when we manipulate conditions relevant to it. " emitted, terminal, p