6.2.1 Cloning and biotechnology 222
Questions And Answers|2024
Fill in the gaps: single-celled yeasts reproduce by ____ and bacteria reproduce by ____. - ✔ ✔ Single-
celled yeast reproduce by budding and bacteria reproduce by binary fission.
Define clones. - ✔ ✔ Genetically identical organisms or cells.
Define vegetative propagation. - ✔ ✔ Reproduction from vegetative parts of a plant - usually an
over-wintering organ.
The artificial production of natural clones for use in horticulture and agriculture.
(reproduction that does not take place through specialised reproductive structures)
Give 3 advantages of natural cloning. - ✔ ✔ If conditions for growth are good for the parent, they
will also be good for the offspring.
Cloning is relatively rapid, so the population can increase quickly to take advantage of the suitable
environmental conditions.
Reproduction can be carried out even if there is only one parent and sexual reproduction is not possible.
Give 5 disadvantages of natural cloning. - ✔ ✔ The offspring may become overcrowded.
There will be no genetic diversity (except that caused by mutation during DNA replication).
The population shows little variation.
Selection is not possible.
,If the environment changes to be less advantageous, the whole population is susceptible.
Why are plants able to reproduce by cloning but animals aren't? - ✔ ✔ Animals contain a much
higher proportion of differentiated/specialised cells than plants.
Differentiated cells cannot divide.
There are areas of meristem in different parts of the plant.
Natural cloning in plants involves what process? - ✔ ✔ Vegetative propagation.
What term should you use instead of natural cloning? - ✔ ✔ Vegetative propagation.
Complete the sentence: vegetative propagation occurs in many species of... - ✔ ✔ Flowering plants.
Fill in the gaps of the following passage about vegetative propagation:
The new plant may be propagated from the ____, leaf, ____, or root of the parent, depending on the
____ of plant. This new plant eventually becomes ____ from its parent. - ✔ ✔ The new plant may be
propagated from the stem, leaf, bud, or root of the parents, depending on the type of plant. This new
plant eventually becomes independent from its parent.
Give an example of a plant that reproduces by vegetative propagation. - ✔ ✔ Spider plants.
Fill in the gaps of the following passage about vegetative propagation:
Many plants grow horizontal stems that can form roots at certain points. These stems are called ____ or
____ if they grow on the surface of the ground, and ____ if they are underground. - ✔ ✔ Many
plants grow horizontal stems that can form roots at certain points. These stems are called runners or
stolens if they grow on the surface of the ground, and rhizomes if they are underground.
Define runners/stolens. - ✔ ✔ Horizontal stems lying on the ground that can form roots and new
plants at points; used for vegetative propagation.
Define rhizomes. - ✔ ✔ Horizontal underground stems that develop horizontally any from the parent
plant.
They send out roots and shoots from nodes.
Define suckers. - ✔ ✔ New stems arising from roots of plants. (Suckers, Stems)
, What 5 methods are used for vegetative propagation? - ✔ ✔ Rhizomes.
Stolons/runners.
Suckers.
Tubers.
Bulbs.
Give 1 example of natural cloning in mammals. - ✔ ✔ Identical twins.
Name 2 animals that commonly reproduce asexually to produce clones. - ✔ ✔ The water flea.
Greenfly.
Explain why asexual reproduction is quicker than sexual reproduction. - ✔ ✔ No need for finding a
mate, going through courtship, meiosis ,or fertilisation.
Why is it an advantage to small mobile animals such as water fleas to be able to reproduce asexually? -
✔ ✔ If an individual finds itself in ideal conditions, it can start to reproduce without waiting to find a
mate, meaning it can take advantage of the favourable environment.
Can reproduce quickly.
If conditions are ideal for the adult, they will also be ideal for offspring.
Suggest why many plants will grow suckers after the main stem has been damaged. - ✔ ✔ The main
stem releases plant hormones.
If production is changed, for example by cutting the stem, the roots are stimulated to grow suckers.
Questions And Answers|2024
Fill in the gaps: single-celled yeasts reproduce by ____ and bacteria reproduce by ____. - ✔ ✔ Single-
celled yeast reproduce by budding and bacteria reproduce by binary fission.
Define clones. - ✔ ✔ Genetically identical organisms or cells.
Define vegetative propagation. - ✔ ✔ Reproduction from vegetative parts of a plant - usually an
over-wintering organ.
The artificial production of natural clones for use in horticulture and agriculture.
(reproduction that does not take place through specialised reproductive structures)
Give 3 advantages of natural cloning. - ✔ ✔ If conditions for growth are good for the parent, they
will also be good for the offspring.
Cloning is relatively rapid, so the population can increase quickly to take advantage of the suitable
environmental conditions.
Reproduction can be carried out even if there is only one parent and sexual reproduction is not possible.
Give 5 disadvantages of natural cloning. - ✔ ✔ The offspring may become overcrowded.
There will be no genetic diversity (except that caused by mutation during DNA replication).
The population shows little variation.
Selection is not possible.
,If the environment changes to be less advantageous, the whole population is susceptible.
Why are plants able to reproduce by cloning but animals aren't? - ✔ ✔ Animals contain a much
higher proportion of differentiated/specialised cells than plants.
Differentiated cells cannot divide.
There are areas of meristem in different parts of the plant.
Natural cloning in plants involves what process? - ✔ ✔ Vegetative propagation.
What term should you use instead of natural cloning? - ✔ ✔ Vegetative propagation.
Complete the sentence: vegetative propagation occurs in many species of... - ✔ ✔ Flowering plants.
Fill in the gaps of the following passage about vegetative propagation:
The new plant may be propagated from the ____, leaf, ____, or root of the parent, depending on the
____ of plant. This new plant eventually becomes ____ from its parent. - ✔ ✔ The new plant may be
propagated from the stem, leaf, bud, or root of the parents, depending on the type of plant. This new
plant eventually becomes independent from its parent.
Give an example of a plant that reproduces by vegetative propagation. - ✔ ✔ Spider plants.
Fill in the gaps of the following passage about vegetative propagation:
Many plants grow horizontal stems that can form roots at certain points. These stems are called ____ or
____ if they grow on the surface of the ground, and ____ if they are underground. - ✔ ✔ Many
plants grow horizontal stems that can form roots at certain points. These stems are called runners or
stolens if they grow on the surface of the ground, and rhizomes if they are underground.
Define runners/stolens. - ✔ ✔ Horizontal stems lying on the ground that can form roots and new
plants at points; used for vegetative propagation.
Define rhizomes. - ✔ ✔ Horizontal underground stems that develop horizontally any from the parent
plant.
They send out roots and shoots from nodes.
Define suckers. - ✔ ✔ New stems arising from roots of plants. (Suckers, Stems)
, What 5 methods are used for vegetative propagation? - ✔ ✔ Rhizomes.
Stolons/runners.
Suckers.
Tubers.
Bulbs.
Give 1 example of natural cloning in mammals. - ✔ ✔ Identical twins.
Name 2 animals that commonly reproduce asexually to produce clones. - ✔ ✔ The water flea.
Greenfly.
Explain why asexual reproduction is quicker than sexual reproduction. - ✔ ✔ No need for finding a
mate, going through courtship, meiosis ,or fertilisation.
Why is it an advantage to small mobile animals such as water fleas to be able to reproduce asexually? -
✔ ✔ If an individual finds itself in ideal conditions, it can start to reproduce without waiting to find a
mate, meaning it can take advantage of the favourable environment.
Can reproduce quickly.
If conditions are ideal for the adult, they will also be ideal for offspring.
Suggest why many plants will grow suckers after the main stem has been damaged. - ✔ ✔ The main
stem releases plant hormones.
If production is changed, for example by cutting the stem, the roots are stimulated to grow suckers.
