EEMB 133 Midterm/Final Review Updated 2024/2025 with complete solutions

EEMB 133 Midterm/Final Review "Asteroid impact" - Influence that humans have on earth Satellite imaging highlights the lights during the night Light = continuing story of manhattan Human influences on biodiversity and conservation ~2M early hominind ancestors moved - north out of Africa ~70M first Homo sapiens moved - North 50sec - multicellular life to evolve 54sec - vertebrates to invade the land 58sec - flowers to evolve 59.998sec - "modern" humans arise abundant - species that are more than enough; plentiful African Savanna Elephant - endangered species by red list After Industrial Revolution - 860 GtC global carbon budget being rapidly run through approx. 60 -150 GtC can be emitted before planet runs high probability of surpassing 1.5 degrees albotraz - bird that feeds plastic to offspring, eating and digesting toxins canary in the coal mines amoxia - deoxygenation, globally surface ocean oxygen reduced slightly over recent years, microorganisms consume all of the oxygen → dead zone (this is more locally) anthropogenic extinction - Humans known cause The dodo Any tension in being a trained biologist/ecologists? - With time and conversation, she now believes that when there was conflict with conservation communication there were not any classes being offered on conservation → simply how to conduct science, methods, and communication (somewhat) Restricted teaching → alot of what was taught was that in order to be a scientist you have to be objective, must leave your feelings at the door → you can't have an opinion → this has evolved over time Now many people conduct science with our values (must own out biases though) Must answer questions that need to be answered Approx. how many people on the planet in 2037? - Approx 9B people in 2037 Approx. how many people on the planet in mid -2080s - Approx 10.4B in mid -2080s Approx. how many people on the planet today? - Approx. 8.04B people on planet today Arctic Habitat Loss - Lack of access to marine foods and terrestrial resources deemed insufficient: "Over much of the polar bear's range, limited terrestrial food availability supports only low densities of much smaller, resident brown bears (Ursus arctos), which use low -quality resources more efficiently and may compete with polar bear in these areas" R oge et al. 2015 Frontiers in Ecol and Evol Polar bear listed proactively on Endangered Species Act in 2008 Are all species created equal? - How you value species matters Depends a lot on the currency of importance one uses Difference between killifish or elephants assisted colonization - human aided transplanting of isolated populations of rare or endangered species to new localities with more favorable climates; often poleward or to higher elevations different dynamics in terrestrial and marine systems Atmospheric CO2 Concentration - Longest running record of CO2 in atmosphere started by UCSD prof in 1958; black - seasonally corrected data → Hockey stick puck graph seasonal variation - peak during productive growing phase for northern hemisphere Placed in Mauna Loa Observatory to get a clearer measurement of CO2 to not observe local impacts of heavily polluting regions (such as LA, China, ect.) → middle of pacific there is no heavy industry Scrips Institution of Oceanography; NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory Attributes on the upcoming cruise for equity - No means perfect → began in the normal way; team of researchers not from that country asking questions about their research that is not tied to that country --> Very specific questions, not very equitable strategies New ship with more rooms ---> Revised, brought on board local scientists More than 50% of the scientists on board are local Co-implementing things, co -developing as we go Ideally this project would have started this way, but its more important that we are here now Live stream from ship → allows more engagement More opportunistic Growing awareness that things/methods need to be done in a more equitable way Its getting better, occurring in all fields, but especially bad in deep sea because its so separated from local communities/idigenous communities/general population (easier to work in inequitable ways) Newer generations are more aware of this however! Greater capacity for it (capacity building) backbreeding - process of crossing breeds in a fashion that residual extinct phenotypes can be concentrated in a new breed that can take on the former role of the extinct species; e.g. auroch (giant cow) background extinction - non-human extinction Dinosaurs Background extinction def - "natural" extinction rates that can be estimated by evaluated through analysis of long -term extinction trajectories