12
oppanies
.
substances in environment
exchange
section
inspiration +
expiration
inspiration expiration
↓ ↓
SA surfacea
are
safe ventilation active passive
,
on
gradient
DD =
diffusional distance ⑪ Humans
. tissues that line tracheal bronchus/bronchioles
SA : V = Surface area to volume ratio
SURFACE AREA VOLUME
W W
:
-
CILIATED EPITHEliAl CEll
↑ beats
in wave
etwen Diaphram ena Daphne is
specalised exchange sys s o contract relas
stratio of
organismsaffectthe
needfor
muscles muscles
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIEmt
~
contact >
-
raised relas Hat
SD short DD + fast metabolic + respiratory
multicellular organisms (large) have SA : V ratio XSD specaised exchange system
interna
eas hasa
.
-
small ,
=
g
e
palogens
ADAPTATIONS
↳ roothairuwe re l a
nucleus--
ribcageards rib a
anatomical size cold climates USA : V
n
shape = conserve heat as smaller limbs thich swin
· -
, ,
not climates
= release heat ISA limbs thin suin
: V ,
large
·
·
physiology , the mal homeostasis for metabolic t resitary rates cuses energy
golgi
· behavioural migration hybernation
S
, ~ L
body
,
~
exchanges contain
Fich's Law I
thorax volume thorax volume
resides increases decreases
rate Goblet cus
of
·
S ↓ contains V
17 cell mich den se V
network of RER thorax pressure thorax pressure
:
proteinsynmesis golgibody decrease increases
mucus
·
vesides
network >
-
↓ ↓
air pushed into air pushed out
GAS EXCHANGE :
FISH ,
INSECTS , HUMANS PLANTS the lungs from of wings from
,
outside + p. . G
. inside - outside
efficient gas exchange ↓ P0
Finlay the Fish
backbone
.
fillments
gill flap gill gill plates ANDREW
im #
inhilation
OFISH : THE AVeOl !
m
↑Oz tCO2
T gill fillament s to s of amoi on
a
gross struc te
↓ ,
↓ DD I cell thich
capilary/aveoli flat/thin ,
· =
,
umatusiona
narrow cumen + ↑
-
a pressure on R . B C .
mouth/nose
·
+Co : perfusion of blood ventilation = constant
↓
~
I tidal ventilation rate trache a
rich blood pulmonary ventilation = volume x
.
supply ↓
oregnated
bronchusimms
↓
/ ↑ capaillaries
blood blood ↑C CO2
from blood
oregenated bloda
,
mourpeice ↓ CO2
endotilium
~
red S
I push out g f
.
-
gills,containinga
cells
contact to
, direct
blood
blood
heamoglobin
cell
lendomelium)
..
gill places
-
PENELOPE THE PLANT
I
IAN THE INSECTS
muscles control ③ plants
Xerophyte plants' adaptations
n·
opening/closing
has few stomata Dicotlyledenous
> impumeab
Close : law of H2G
a
· open :
CO2 Spirace
↑
↓ U20 loss plants - Hairs on upper epidermis trap humid air to Y
gradient
·
a
exosheloton suven Stomata -
trap humid air ↓Y gradient
insects , have ↓
·
thich
way
cuticle -
transpiration rates
I
an exosueloton
I
that's impermeable -
+ water
proof dissolved
gasses =
photosynmesis
·
AIR IN
fluid V , anerobic
Lactic
7
respiration >
-
large SA for
Lacrea
>
- ,
acid , ↓ATP , vO2 -
·
I in trachioles ↑ than
GENERAL PRINCIPLES for analysing experimental data
hairs cover osmosis
I
-
rings of in cell ,
spiracle to Chitin rish factors
·
x lower
abdominal
humid
trap collapsing
·
correlation us causation
air , 4 pumping ·
evaluation
around T
in statistics O
spirace Stomata
·
-
insects
·Congressed
↓ Y
~
gradient Nooroz allows gasses -
↓ osmosis swell to open Stomata
>
-
air sacs line (02 + 02 data
Shrink to close stomat
to move in1 out
by diffusion by osmosis · repeatsninformation
DIGESTION & respiration
for
ABSORPTION j
photosynthesis
carbohydrates ↑ rate - -
lipid droplets clump together
these clumped lipid droplets are -
u
splits
-
·
Proteins emulsified by bile salts
hydrolyses glycosidic
hydrocyees peptide bonds
ppCS - -
lipase enzymes are added to hydrolyse PHILOEM structure
ppc"
Mass transport
·
starch amylase -> maltase
esterbondsforming
-
+
living cells X nucleus + few organes
a
·
endopeptidase (within
,
end
-
-
maltare + maltose---gluecose a ca joins end to tubes for mass
faty
-
-
1
exopeptidase (ends of ppc) transport sucrose
-acroetacaruecougars-drptidase
-
of
s
o mitochon incompanionauto
. .
:
I between
-
-Monoguwidebiksatsbilsa
U i
72aa
released ·
·omgavesites
use co transport
mechanisms
&
/digest
absorb macromolecules must hydrolyse them i too gear PLANTS -
for mass How transport
evidance
-
=
PHYSICAL DIGESTION
mis
forms crea Vesich
a -
teem
to
+ INSA : V , mour , stomach musclest bile
bonds X YLEM Structure pressure in STC sap > when stem
-
of plant X
polymers by hydrolysis ↓ molecules ,
DIGESTION >
MEMICAL
-
.
in a
· Suman, s
awwayshengendby ,
·
Lungs cells
dead cells hollow
Plateau ↓
Against
continuous column roots > leaves
120 12C03
>
(02
-
Sic hinder MF more structure
+
-
·
Mass transport
Meory
·
·
pits for lateral movement of H20 ·
solutes more speeds
+
M2COz = H + C0z
·
↑
Kidneys evidance for cohesion-tension theory
experimenta
-
Bohr effect
·
A diameter of trees , T rates at ↑at
day T
·
&
test
↑
as pp(O2 Of dissociation Shrink's Sphidsgreen
- :
↑ tension , tree
vessels are at in size
curve shifts + + >
-
xylem vessel X , air drawn in , X water leals
·
yum vesselx , no water pulled up Xylm
ubs ↑ affinity for 02 chain of cohesive movement of +
HUMANS-
·
forces = X Translocation = sucrose up
-
= dissociation cur ve of humans down a plant from source >
-
sink
up more of
aveoli
places of ppoz to have
Photometer of transpiration
in s oi n
madellaentration)
source wherescre
bind assures
asure rate
HEAMOGIOBIN
=
by measuring rate of water uptake
usin
↓ compar lower-upper epidermis by ea
water source
rate-in ① a
cusinsourceguobyphotosys
contains
binds quaternary · ups ↓ affinity for O2
Fe containg time
3D glob mor dissociation a r ve > of humans
Fansports
-
=
groups ② silve
assuptionshotorespiranosyns
tube cells
activy loaded from >
sucrose
-
protein release O2 quick in
respiring
St
a
Oz in g tissues , ↑ metabolic
↑SA : V have sources using ATR from companion cells
Mitochondria
.
association
rates compared to heat loss
under 120 (airl , slanted (usA) , seal
&u sieve tuausassucrosHosu
a
precautions-out
binaseentip
Hoyneamon
·
a
↓ 46 joins with grease + dry leaves
s 18 12 usi
2 -
surroundings
&
y
carboxy-neamoglobi
ppO2 camount on in transpiration-water mass transport
⑤ -> hydrostatic pressure
Sieve subecous Live)
at source end of phloem
02 down sieve tube all
⑧ forced
ona
sucrose solution
from source
> sink
uhydrostatic -
pgradient
= mass flow ansport
namea
⑤ S
. ↑
6 Hoenters stem through roots
by Osmosis
↳ attach)
Regulation
crates from leaves ->
spongy mesophy to form starch
>
-
air spaces 4 e from heat (sun)
,
·utoutside disgrace
boto
resto fthe
·
a
>
- ↳V wall 3 thicker than RV : distance and pressure
↑
temp => more UE :. H2O diffuse faster oved
masstranspor
In Disease
over
large distances
for
lightintensity turgid ,cocin Poaide
-
- cardiovascular disease ·
oridation
CVD = name of the
group of disorders of heart + blood vessels
* Air movement => XM20 vapour 1 ,
4
grads + AO
hypertension coronary heart disease > myocardial infarction
,
-
RISKS =
modifiable : Obesity diet smoking emotional stress sedentary lifestyle excessive alcohol consumption transpiration photosynthesis growth
, , , , , => , ,
=
non-modifiable = heredity gender page hypertension, hyperlipid anemia
elongation
, , ,
Smoking = Cot O, carrying capacity in the blood clots nicotine > adreneline , lining of arteries fats build up atheroma /
atrioventricular
-
, ,
hypertension - excessive prolonged stress diets , lack excercise
, artery walls thicker/hard genetic predisposition , aneurysms/heamorhage ,
blood blood cholesterol
of high = LDL =>
carry cholesterd from liver >
-
cells +artery wa s -
too much >
-
atherma
satup Manaway
-
> Semi-wnar from
c u s o ea
Diet ir ,
cords ventric
thiche
a
cardia
so ,
papillary rightide ↓
no
per min
. 2 beats
muscle (min")
adjusts
C tension
·
n cords .
septum
Tissue frid
formation of TF
y carry blood-
isformedamatkesmenImarion
veins this wans due to ↓ 1 b
P I blood pressure) .
t
+ wide lumen less resistance to blood How
values unidirectional blood How
/ prevent back flow
venules but large plasma proteins remain
- branch off of capillaries to veins
rerun of TF
sire of metabolic exchange ·
large plasma proteins remain in the blood which t 4
↓
which t flat endothelium
capillaries : I cl Shor t D .
D)
branch into networks
↑ total SA
stast
exchange
nar row w m e n slows blood How ↑time for exchange
friction / resistance
+
pores + gaps permeable for exchange , formation of
rissue fund ~
blood
↑ carry away
arties : which walls to cope wit "pressure
,
sugest maintain smoo blood
thichlastic
recoilt to pressure
risuethatstreksan
How
be maintained for blood oa
folded endomelium streck under t pressures
Smooth endothelium to reduce friction + maintain blood you
- branch of a tele- capillaries
atrious = nar row mmen
folded endomelium
cusmooth muscle that contracts so wmen nar rows to ↓blood How + -bp
.
A -
ventrica
Avator
a
Cardiac
cy de blood circulation
general pattern of
I ar tia + ventride muscles relaxed
·
wngs
L + R Au values closed , Lt r Stvalves closed
blood from
pulmonary veint venacava fills
.
2 diastole
arria (venous return) ↑p in Arria I heart relaxed)
.
3
pressure Artia > venmides, av values open
passive filling
-
arriamusdesContact,Pushresto bloa 3
4.
arial systole
lar ria contacry
ventricle
.
hepatic artery
7
.
5 shor t
delay before ventricle contracts
ventricular
PV > PA .: Av value closes
system
.
6 Ventides contract " pressure St values
,
I ventricles
openPVC Party blood pumpedone
contacts renal arty
.
7 Porta > Pventricles SL values closed
oppanies
.
substances in environment
exchange
section
inspiration +
expiration
inspiration expiration
↓ ↓
SA surfacea
are
safe ventilation active passive
,
on
gradient
DD =
diffusional distance ⑪ Humans
. tissues that line tracheal bronchus/bronchioles
SA : V = Surface area to volume ratio
SURFACE AREA VOLUME
W W
:
-
CILIATED EPITHEliAl CEll
↑ beats
in wave
etwen Diaphram ena Daphne is
specalised exchange sys s o contract relas
stratio of
organismsaffectthe
needfor
muscles muscles
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIEmt
~
contact >
-
raised relas Hat
SD short DD + fast metabolic + respiratory
multicellular organisms (large) have SA : V ratio XSD specaised exchange system
interna
eas hasa
.
-
small ,
=
g
e
palogens
ADAPTATIONS
↳ roothairuwe re l a
nucleus--
ribcageards rib a
anatomical size cold climates USA : V
n
shape = conserve heat as smaller limbs thich swin
· -
, ,
not climates
= release heat ISA limbs thin suin
: V ,
large
·
·
physiology , the mal homeostasis for metabolic t resitary rates cuses energy
golgi
· behavioural migration hybernation
S
, ~ L
body
,
~
exchanges contain
Fich's Law I
thorax volume thorax volume
resides increases decreases
rate Goblet cus
of
·
S ↓ contains V
17 cell mich den se V
network of RER thorax pressure thorax pressure
:
proteinsynmesis golgibody decrease increases
mucus
·
vesides
network >
-
↓ ↓
air pushed into air pushed out
GAS EXCHANGE :
FISH ,
INSECTS , HUMANS PLANTS the lungs from of wings from
,
outside + p. . G
. inside - outside
efficient gas exchange ↓ P0
Finlay the Fish
backbone
.
fillments
gill flap gill gill plates ANDREW
im #
inhilation
OFISH : THE AVeOl !
m
↑Oz tCO2
T gill fillament s to s of amoi on
a
gross struc te
↓ ,
↓ DD I cell thich
capilary/aveoli flat/thin ,
· =
,
umatusiona
narrow cumen + ↑
-
a pressure on R . B C .
mouth/nose
·
+Co : perfusion of blood ventilation = constant
↓
~
I tidal ventilation rate trache a
rich blood pulmonary ventilation = volume x
.
supply ↓
oregnated
bronchusimms
↓
/ ↑ capaillaries
blood blood ↑C CO2
from blood
oregenated bloda
,
mourpeice ↓ CO2
endotilium
~
red S
I push out g f
.
-
gills,containinga
cells
contact to
, direct
blood
blood
heamoglobin
cell
lendomelium)
..
gill places
-
PENELOPE THE PLANT
I
IAN THE INSECTS
muscles control ③ plants
Xerophyte plants' adaptations
n·
opening/closing
has few stomata Dicotlyledenous
> impumeab
Close : law of H2G
a
· open :
CO2 Spirace
↑
↓ U20 loss plants - Hairs on upper epidermis trap humid air to Y
gradient
·
a
exosheloton suven Stomata -
trap humid air ↓Y gradient
insects , have ↓
·
thich
way
cuticle -
transpiration rates
I
an exosueloton
I
that's impermeable -
+ water
proof dissolved
gasses =
photosynmesis
·
AIR IN
fluid V , anerobic
Lactic
7
respiration >
-
large SA for
Lacrea
>
- ,
acid , ↓ATP , vO2 -
·
I in trachioles ↑ than
GENERAL PRINCIPLES for analysing experimental data
hairs cover osmosis
I
-
rings of in cell ,
spiracle to Chitin rish factors
·
x lower
abdominal
humid
trap collapsing
·
correlation us causation
air , 4 pumping ·
evaluation
around T
in statistics O
spirace Stomata
·
-
insects
·Congressed
↓ Y
~
gradient Nooroz allows gasses -
↓ osmosis swell to open Stomata
>
-
air sacs line (02 + 02 data
Shrink to close stomat
to move in1 out
by diffusion by osmosis · repeatsninformation
DIGESTION & respiration
for
ABSORPTION j
photosynthesis
carbohydrates ↑ rate - -
lipid droplets clump together
these clumped lipid droplets are -
u
splits
-
·
Proteins emulsified by bile salts
hydrolyses glycosidic
hydrocyees peptide bonds
ppCS - -
lipase enzymes are added to hydrolyse PHILOEM structure
ppc"
Mass transport
·
starch amylase -> maltase
esterbondsforming
-
+
living cells X nucleus + few organes
a
·
endopeptidase (within
,
end
-
-
maltare + maltose---gluecose a ca joins end to tubes for mass
faty
-
-
1
exopeptidase (ends of ppc) transport sucrose
-acroetacaruecougars-drptidase
-
of
s
o mitochon incompanionauto
. .
:
I between
-
-Monoguwidebiksatsbilsa
U i
72aa
released ·
·omgavesites
use co transport
mechanisms
&
/digest
absorb macromolecules must hydrolyse them i too gear PLANTS -
for mass How transport
evidance
-
=
PHYSICAL DIGESTION
mis
forms crea Vesich
a -
teem
to
+ INSA : V , mour , stomach musclest bile
bonds X YLEM Structure pressure in STC sap > when stem
-
of plant X
polymers by hydrolysis ↓ molecules ,
DIGESTION >
MEMICAL
-
.
in a
· Suman, s
awwayshengendby ,
·
Lungs cells
dead cells hollow
Plateau ↓
Against
continuous column roots > leaves
120 12C03
>
(02
-
Sic hinder MF more structure
+
-
·
Mass transport
Meory
·
·
pits for lateral movement of H20 ·
solutes more speeds
+
M2COz = H + C0z
·
↑
Kidneys evidance for cohesion-tension theory
experimenta
-
Bohr effect
·
A diameter of trees , T rates at ↑at
day T
·
&
test
↑
as pp(O2 Of dissociation Shrink's Sphidsgreen
- :
↑ tension , tree
vessels are at in size
curve shifts + + >
-
xylem vessel X , air drawn in , X water leals
·
yum vesselx , no water pulled up Xylm
ubs ↑ affinity for 02 chain of cohesive movement of +
HUMANS-
·
forces = X Translocation = sucrose up
-
= dissociation cur ve of humans down a plant from source >
-
sink
up more of
aveoli
places of ppoz to have
Photometer of transpiration
in s oi n
madellaentration)
source wherescre
bind assures
asure rate
HEAMOGIOBIN
=
by measuring rate of water uptake
usin
↓ compar lower-upper epidermis by ea
water source
rate-in ① a
cusinsourceguobyphotosys
contains
binds quaternary · ups ↓ affinity for O2
Fe containg time
3D glob mor dissociation a r ve > of humans
Fansports
-
=
groups ② silve
assuptionshotorespiranosyns
tube cells
activy loaded from >
sucrose
-
protein release O2 quick in
respiring
St
a
Oz in g tissues , ↑ metabolic
↑SA : V have sources using ATR from companion cells
Mitochondria
.
association
rates compared to heat loss
under 120 (airl , slanted (usA) , seal
&u sieve tuausassucrosHosu
a
precautions-out
binaseentip
Hoyneamon
·
a
↓ 46 joins with grease + dry leaves
s 18 12 usi
2 -
surroundings
&
y
carboxy-neamoglobi
ppO2 camount on in transpiration-water mass transport
⑤ -> hydrostatic pressure
Sieve subecous Live)
at source end of phloem
02 down sieve tube all
⑧ forced
ona
sucrose solution
from source
> sink
uhydrostatic -
pgradient
= mass flow ansport
namea
⑤ S
. ↑
6 Hoenters stem through roots
by Osmosis
↳ attach)
Regulation
crates from leaves ->
spongy mesophy to form starch
>
-
air spaces 4 e from heat (sun)
,
·utoutside disgrace
boto
resto fthe
·
a
>
- ↳V wall 3 thicker than RV : distance and pressure
↑
temp => more UE :. H2O diffuse faster oved
masstranspor
In Disease
over
large distances
for
lightintensity turgid ,cocin Poaide
-
- cardiovascular disease ·
oridation
CVD = name of the
group of disorders of heart + blood vessels
* Air movement => XM20 vapour 1 ,
4
grads + AO
hypertension coronary heart disease > myocardial infarction
,
-
RISKS =
modifiable : Obesity diet smoking emotional stress sedentary lifestyle excessive alcohol consumption transpiration photosynthesis growth
, , , , , => , ,
=
non-modifiable = heredity gender page hypertension, hyperlipid anemia
elongation
, , ,
Smoking = Cot O, carrying capacity in the blood clots nicotine > adreneline , lining of arteries fats build up atheroma /
atrioventricular
-
, ,
hypertension - excessive prolonged stress diets , lack excercise
, artery walls thicker/hard genetic predisposition , aneurysms/heamorhage ,
blood blood cholesterol
of high = LDL =>
carry cholesterd from liver >
-
cells +artery wa s -
too much >
-
atherma
satup Manaway
-
> Semi-wnar from
c u s o ea
Diet ir ,
cords ventric
thiche
a
cardia
so ,
papillary rightide ↓
no
per min
. 2 beats
muscle (min")
adjusts
C tension
·
n cords .
septum
Tissue frid
formation of TF
y carry blood-
isformedamatkesmenImarion
veins this wans due to ↓ 1 b
P I blood pressure) .
t
+ wide lumen less resistance to blood How
values unidirectional blood How
/ prevent back flow
venules but large plasma proteins remain
- branch off of capillaries to veins
rerun of TF
sire of metabolic exchange ·
large plasma proteins remain in the blood which t 4
↓
which t flat endothelium
capillaries : I cl Shor t D .
D)
branch into networks
↑ total SA
stast
exchange
nar row w m e n slows blood How ↑time for exchange
friction / resistance
+
pores + gaps permeable for exchange , formation of
rissue fund ~
blood
↑ carry away
arties : which walls to cope wit "pressure
,
sugest maintain smoo blood
thichlastic
recoilt to pressure
risuethatstreksan
How
be maintained for blood oa
folded endomelium streck under t pressures
Smooth endothelium to reduce friction + maintain blood you
- branch of a tele- capillaries
atrious = nar row mmen
folded endomelium
cusmooth muscle that contracts so wmen nar rows to ↓blood How + -bp
.
A -
ventrica
Avator
a
Cardiac
cy de blood circulation
general pattern of
I ar tia + ventride muscles relaxed
·
wngs
L + R Au values closed , Lt r Stvalves closed
blood from
pulmonary veint venacava fills
.
2 diastole
arria (venous return) ↑p in Arria I heart relaxed)
.
3
pressure Artia > venmides, av values open
passive filling
-
arriamusdesContact,Pushresto bloa 3
4.
arial systole
lar ria contacry
ventricle
.
hepatic artery
7
.
5 shor t
delay before ventricle contracts
ventricular
PV > PA .: Av value closes
system
.
6 Ventides contract " pressure St values
,
I ventricles
openPVC Party blood pumpedone
contacts renal arty
.
7 Porta > Pventricles SL values closed
