Exam (elaborations) .M22058 Course Code: 2410213

. The types of pharmacological actions of drugs 1.1. Drug action via a direct effect on a receptor 1.2. Short-term and long-term effects of drugs at receptors 1.3. Soluble receptors 1.4. Drug action via indirect alteration of the effect of an endogenous agonist 1.5. Drug action via inhibition of transport processes 1.6. Drug action via enzyme inhibition 1.7. Drug action via direct enzymatic activity or activation of enzymes 1.8. Drug action via other miscellaneous effects 1.9. Multiplicity of effects 2. Stereoisomerism and drug action 2.1. Pharmacokinetic differences between stereoisomers 2.2. Pharmacodynamic differences between stereoisomers 2.3. Interactions between stereoisomers 2.4. Drug interactions and stereoisomers 2.5. The clinical relevance of stereoisomerism 3. Graded responses to drugs: the dose-response curve in drug therapy Pharmacokinetics is about how drugs move around the body, being absorbed, distributed to their sites of action, and being eliminated. Pharmacodynamics is about all those matters that are concerned with the pharmacological actions of drugs when they get to their sites of action, whether they be determinants of beneficial or adverse effects. 1. The types of pharmacological actions of drugs The different ways in which drugs produce their pharmacological effects are classified in Table 1. Several of the examples I shall illustrate cross the boundaries of this classification. For example, cardiac glycosides can be considered as ligands that act by binding to their receptor (the Na/K-ATPase), as inhibitors of an enzyme (the Na/K-ATPase), or as inhibitors of a transport process (the Na/K pump). This reflects the complexities of pharmacology.