Clinical Pathology, 2024 Study Guide to Exam

Clinical Pathology, 2024 Study Guide to Exam Plasma - Indicate: 92-95% water 5-8% solids (protein, fibrinogen, coagulation factors, glucose, urea, electrolytes Harvested from anticoagulation & centrifugation Serum - Indicate: Plasma - coagulation proteins Harvested from clotted blood Inter-individual Factors - Indicate: Species Breed Age Sex Intra-individual Factors - Indicate: Transient differences in the same animal Diet/fasting/post prandial Excitement/stress Reproductive status Drugs/therapy Site of blood sampling Time of day Pre-instrumental factors - Indicate: Large source of error. Sample quality Sample size Storage conditions & time Transportation conditions Effects of Haemolysis - Indicate: Increase plasma/serum values due to high concentrations in RBC (K+ horses, iP, LDH, AST, GGT, ammonia). Decrease plasma/serum values (Ca, glucose, Mg cattle). Interferes with tests thru colour interference or chemical interactions. Effects of Lipaemia - Indicate: Increase in total lipid, triglyceride & cholesterol. Lipids cause turbidity. Lipaemia - Indicate: Presence in the blood of abnormally high concentrations of emulsified fat. Instrumental Factors - Indicate: Equipment Personnel Method Laboratory factors Small error in reference labs. Clinics: small error if well maintained & staff educated - potentially large error if not. Post-Instrumental Factors - Indicate: Validation of test results Transfer of information to client Archiving results Storing specimen (for repeat tests)