UCONN PNB 2264 Exam 1 Questions & Answers Solved 100% Correct!!

% of Extracellular fluid in the body - Interstitial fluid (26%) Blood Plasma (7%) % of Intracellular fluid in the body - 67% Adipose (Fat) Tissue - (Loose Connective Tissue) Anatomy of Synovial Joints - - Articular cartilage - Articular capsule - Joint cavity - Synovial membrane - Synovial fluid - Bursa: "Pillow" - Tendon Sheath Appositional Growth - growing in width Areolar Connective Tissue - (Loose Connective Tissue) "Filler" loose meshwork with all three types of fibers Atlanto-Axial joint - between Atlas and Axis. combined gliding/pivoting joint Atlanto-Occipital joint - between occipital bone and C1-Atlas, double condyloid joint Bone Growth - As long as Hyaline Cartilage exists at the epiphyseal plate, bone growth can occur. Cartilage proliferation occurs on the epiphyseal side of of the epiphyseal disk. OSSIFICATION occurs on the diaphyseal sideCalcitonin - promotes calcium deposition in bone and inhibits osteoclasts (reduces blood calcium levels) Cartilage - (Supportive Connective Tissue) (Semi-solid matrix) Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue - - Presence of CELL JUNCTIONS - Polarity of the apical and basal surfaces - Attachment of the Basal Lamina to the Basement Membrane - Avascularity - Regenerative Chondroblasts - Produce matrix Chondrocytes - Mature cartilage cells, located in lacunae Classes of Bones - - Long Bones - Short Bones - Flat Bones - Irregular Bones - Sesamoid Bones Collagenous Fibers - (Collagen) Stable, triple helix, High tensile strength Components of Bone: - - Compact bone - Spongy bone Connective Tissue consists of specialized cells: - - Fibroblasts: Make fibers - Chondroblasts: Cartilage- Osteoblasts: Bone Connective Tissue is made up of: - - Cells - Non-living extracellular matrix Costovertebral Joint - Ribs to Spine, 2 joints (both gliding) Head of the rib to the vertebral body, Tubercle of the rib to the transverse process Dense Irregular Connective Tissue - (Dense) Makes up dermis of skin Dense Regular Connective Tissue - (Dense) Makes up ligaments and tendons Desmosomes - Cell to CELL Diaphysis - SHAFT of long bone (hehehehe) Different Types of Joints: - - Fibrous Joints: articulate with CT fibers - Cartilaginous Joints - Synovial Joints Elastic Fibers - (Elastin) Random coils, extensibility Electrolytes - - Hydrogen (H+) - Sodium (Na+) - Potassium (K+) - Chlorine (Cl-) - Magnesium (Mg2+) - Calcium (Ca2+)Endochondral Ossification - Bone forms on cartilage models Endosteum - Inner covering of bone (faces marrow) Epiphyseal Disk/Line - "growth plate" between epiphysis and metaphysis of long bone Epiphysis - End of long bone Epithelial Tissue - 1. Covers exposed surfaces 2. Lines internal passageways 3. Forms glands Epithelium by LAYERS - - Simple - Stratified Epithelium by SHAPES - - Squamos - Cuboidal - Columnar Fibrocartilage - Collagen, some elastic fibers. EX. Intervertebral disks, resists compression Functions of Bone - Support, Protection, Allows for Movement, Storage depot for Ca and Phosphorus salts, Hemopoiesis (blood forming) Functions of Connective Tissue - - Binding - Support - Protection- Insulation Functions of Epithelial Tissue - - Protection - Exchange - Secretion - Absorption Ground Substance is made of: - - Interstitial fluid - Adhesion proteins - Proteoglycans "GAGs" Hemidesmosomes - Cell to BASEMENT MEMBRANE Homeostasis - "Dynamic steady state" Narrow limits and fluctuations around the "set point" Hyaline Cartilage - Lots of dense, fine collagen. Strong, flexible, and smooth and reduces friction in joints Hydrogen and Oxygen combine via: - Polar Covalent Bonds Hydrogen's Importance to Life - - Is a solvent - It Ionizes to form Electrolytes - Has a high heat capacity - Lubrication - Cushioning Intramembranous Ossification - Bone forms on connective tissue membrane patternsJoint Classification by Function: - - Synarthrosis: Immovable - Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable - Diarthrosis: Freely movable Matrix determines function and is made up of: - - Protein Fibers - Polysaccharide ground substance Metaphysis - M for Middle, as in, in between the Diaphysis and Epiphysis Osteoblasts - builds bone Osteoclasts - break down bone