Bio 201 Nervous System Basics Review Guide
1. *Excitability(irritability)-ability to respond to changes in the body and exter-nal
environment called stimuli
*Conductivity-produce traveling electrical signals
*Secretion-when electrical signals reach the end of nerve fibers, a chemical
neurotransmitter is secreted: List AND describe the properties of neurons
2. *Sensory input-receptors within and near body surface, respond to stimuli,and
send nerve impulses to the Central Nervous System
*Integration-Central Nervous System receives, processes, and interprets sen-sory
input. decides what to do with it
*Motor output-Central Nervous System sends out nerve impulses to effectororgans
(muscles and glands) in response to sensory output: What are the major functions of
the human nervous system?
3. *Neurons the basic functional units of the nervous system. the communica-tors
*Supporting cells:
-CNS:neuralgia (glial cells)-astrocytes, microglia, epidymal cells, oligoden-drocytes
-PNS:satellite cells and schwann cells: Which are the two major types/groups ofcells that
make up nervous tissue?
4. *CNS:astrocytes, microglia, epidymal cells, oligodendrocytes
*PNS:satellite cells and schwann cells: What are the four neuroglia of the CNSand the
two neuroglia of the PNS?
5. dendrites receive information from other neurons, axons carry electricalsignals
to target: Compare and contrast the functions of axons and dendrites
6. cytoplasm of axon, contains neurotubules, neurofibrils, enzymes, or-ganelles:
Axoplams = _?_
7. specialized cell membrane and covers the axoplasm: Axolemma = _?_
8. branches of a single axon: Axon collaterals = _?_
9. fine extension of distal axon: Axon telodendria = _?_
10. tips of axon: Synaptic terminals = _?_
11. a whitish fatty protein layer that serves to protect and electrically insulateaxon,
increase the speed of transmission of nerve impulses: What is myelin and what is its
primary function?
12. nodes of ranvier: Along the axons of myelinated neurons there are gaps in themyelin
where the axolemma is exposed. What is the name given to these gaps in myelin?
13. endoneurium surrounds each fiber, groups of fibers are bound into fasci- cles by
perineurium and fascicles are bound together by epineurium: Describe how a nerve is
"bundled."
1/5
, Bio 201 Nervous System Basics Review Guide
14. autoimmune, oligodendrocytes, and myelin sheath of CNS degenerate. replaced
by hardened scar tissue, between 20-40 years, double vision, blind-ness, speech
defects, neurosis, tremors, numbness, bedridden, no cure: Ex- plain the
pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis (MS).
15. astrocyte: What is the name of the cell whose function is to connect neurons toblood
capillaries?
16. protect neuron cell bodies: What is the function of satellite cells found in thePNS?
17. ependymal cells: Which cell of the CNS is responsible for circulating cere-
brospinal fluid in the major cavities of the brain and spinal cord?
18. dispose od debris in areas of infection, trauma, and stroke: What is thefunction
of microglia?
19. ependymal cells: Which type of ciliated cell lines the ventricles of the brain,
producing and circulating CSF?
20. schwann cells=PNS
oligodendrocytes=CNS: Which cells form myelin in the PNS? Which cells formmyelin
in the CNS?
21. Na outside, K inside: Describe the relationship of sodium and potassium con-
centrations inside and outside of the cell with the resting membrane potential
22. a. it will go to action potential and voltage-gated Na channels open
b. sodium channels close
c. potassium exits
d. too much potassium
e. a voltage-gated channel. maintains the electrical charge within the cell
f. 3 sodiums out 2 potassium in
g. does not get weaker with distance
h. all or none phenomenon
i. absolute-as long as sodium gates are open NO stimulus will trigger AP relative-as
long as potassium gates are open only strong stimulus will triggerAP
j. larger has less resistance and more surface area so myelinated is faster than
unmyelinated
k. saltatory: only with sheath
at node of ranvier: regenerate AP so its faster than an unmyelinated axon
l. saltatory conduction on myelin sheath makes it so AP's can jump from one node of
ranvier to the next: Answer the following review questions regarding action potential
generation and propagation:
a. What happens during threshold?
b. What ion is responsible for depolarization?
2/5
1. *Excitability(irritability)-ability to respond to changes in the body and exter-nal
environment called stimuli
*Conductivity-produce traveling electrical signals
*Secretion-when electrical signals reach the end of nerve fibers, a chemical
neurotransmitter is secreted: List AND describe the properties of neurons
2. *Sensory input-receptors within and near body surface, respond to stimuli,and
send nerve impulses to the Central Nervous System
*Integration-Central Nervous System receives, processes, and interprets sen-sory
input. decides what to do with it
*Motor output-Central Nervous System sends out nerve impulses to effectororgans
(muscles and glands) in response to sensory output: What are the major functions of
the human nervous system?
3. *Neurons the basic functional units of the nervous system. the communica-tors
*Supporting cells:
-CNS:neuralgia (glial cells)-astrocytes, microglia, epidymal cells, oligoden-drocytes
-PNS:satellite cells and schwann cells: Which are the two major types/groups ofcells that
make up nervous tissue?
4. *CNS:astrocytes, microglia, epidymal cells, oligodendrocytes
*PNS:satellite cells and schwann cells: What are the four neuroglia of the CNSand the
two neuroglia of the PNS?
5. dendrites receive information from other neurons, axons carry electricalsignals
to target: Compare and contrast the functions of axons and dendrites
6. cytoplasm of axon, contains neurotubules, neurofibrils, enzymes, or-ganelles:
Axoplams = _?_
7. specialized cell membrane and covers the axoplasm: Axolemma = _?_
8. branches of a single axon: Axon collaterals = _?_
9. fine extension of distal axon: Axon telodendria = _?_
10. tips of axon: Synaptic terminals = _?_
11. a whitish fatty protein layer that serves to protect and electrically insulateaxon,
increase the speed of transmission of nerve impulses: What is myelin and what is its
primary function?
12. nodes of ranvier: Along the axons of myelinated neurons there are gaps in themyelin
where the axolemma is exposed. What is the name given to these gaps in myelin?
13. endoneurium surrounds each fiber, groups of fibers are bound into fasci- cles by
perineurium and fascicles are bound together by epineurium: Describe how a nerve is
"bundled."
1/5
, Bio 201 Nervous System Basics Review Guide
14. autoimmune, oligodendrocytes, and myelin sheath of CNS degenerate. replaced
by hardened scar tissue, between 20-40 years, double vision, blind-ness, speech
defects, neurosis, tremors, numbness, bedridden, no cure: Ex- plain the
pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis (MS).
15. astrocyte: What is the name of the cell whose function is to connect neurons toblood
capillaries?
16. protect neuron cell bodies: What is the function of satellite cells found in thePNS?
17. ependymal cells: Which cell of the CNS is responsible for circulating cere-
brospinal fluid in the major cavities of the brain and spinal cord?
18. dispose od debris in areas of infection, trauma, and stroke: What is thefunction
of microglia?
19. ependymal cells: Which type of ciliated cell lines the ventricles of the brain,
producing and circulating CSF?
20. schwann cells=PNS
oligodendrocytes=CNS: Which cells form myelin in the PNS? Which cells formmyelin
in the CNS?
21. Na outside, K inside: Describe the relationship of sodium and potassium con-
centrations inside and outside of the cell with the resting membrane potential
22. a. it will go to action potential and voltage-gated Na channels open
b. sodium channels close
c. potassium exits
d. too much potassium
e. a voltage-gated channel. maintains the electrical charge within the cell
f. 3 sodiums out 2 potassium in
g. does not get weaker with distance
h. all or none phenomenon
i. absolute-as long as sodium gates are open NO stimulus will trigger AP relative-as
long as potassium gates are open only strong stimulus will triggerAP
j. larger has less resistance and more surface area so myelinated is faster than
unmyelinated
k. saltatory: only with sheath
at node of ranvier: regenerate AP so its faster than an unmyelinated axon
l. saltatory conduction on myelin sheath makes it so AP's can jump from one node of
ranvier to the next: Answer the following review questions regarding action potential
generation and propagation:
a. What happens during threshold?
b. What ion is responsible for depolarization?
2/5
