Applied
Thermodynamics
,Published By:
Physics Wallah
ISBN: 978-93-94342-39-2
Mobile App: Physics Wallah (Available on Play Store)
Website: www.pw.live
Email:
Rights
All rights will be reserved by Publisher. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner
whatsoever without the written permission from author or publisher.
In the interest of student's community:
Circulation of soft copy of Book(s) in PDF or other equivalent format(s) through any social media channels,
emails, etc. or any other channels through mobiles, laptops or desktop is a criminal offence. Anybody
circulating, downloading, storing, soft copy of the book on his device(s) is in breach of Copyright Act. Further
Photocopying of this book or any of its material is also illegal. Do not download or forward in case you come
across any such soft copy material.
Disclaimer
A team of PW experts and faculties with an understanding of the subject has worked hard for the books.
While the author and publisher have used their best efforts in preparing these books. The content has been
checked for accuracy. As the book is intended for educational purposes, the author shall not be responsible for
any errors contained in the book.
The publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter
covered.
This book and the individual contribution contained in it are protected under copyright by the publisher.
(This Module shall only be Used for Educational Purpose.)
, Design Against Static Load
INDEX
1. IC Engine Cycles ................................................................................................................... 4.1 – 4.5
2. Gas Power Cycles.................................................................................................................. 4.6 – 4.10
3. Vapour Power Cycles ........................................................................................................... 4.11 – 4.15
4. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning ...................................................................................... 4.16 – 4.31
5. Gas Compressors .................................................................................................................. 4.32 – 4.37
GATE-O-PEDIA MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
, ATD IC Engines
1
1.1 Introduction
IC ENGINE CYCLES
1.1.1 Application of TD (IC Engine)
(1) Swept volume VS = D2 LS
4
Length of stroke LS = 2 rC ( rC → radius of crank)
VT VS +VC V
(2) Compression ratio r= = =1+ S r 1
VC VC VC
VC 1 V 1
(3) Clearance ratio C= = S = r −1 r = 1 +
VS C VC C
Assumptions while dealing with Engines
1. Mass in cylinder is fixed. (Air is perfect gas)
2. Combustion is replaced by heat transfer process from external source.
3. All the processes involved are internally reversible.
4. Specific heats of the working substance are assumed to be constant.
1. 2 Otto cycle
Fig. 1.1. P-V and T-s plots of Otto cycle
Processes involved: 1 – 2 → Internally Reversible Isentropic compression
2 – 3 → Internally Reversible Constant Volume Heat addition
3 – 4 → Internally Reversible Isentropic expansion
4 – 1 → Internally Reversible Constant Volume Heat rejection
v 1 v v
Clearance Ratio C = 2 ; r = 1 + = 1 + 1 −1 = 1
v1 − v2 C v2 v2
GATE WALLAH MECHANICAL HANDBOOK 4.1
Thermodynamics
,Published By:
Physics Wallah
ISBN: 978-93-94342-39-2
Mobile App: Physics Wallah (Available on Play Store)
Website: www.pw.live
Email:
Rights
All rights will be reserved by Publisher. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner
whatsoever without the written permission from author or publisher.
In the interest of student's community:
Circulation of soft copy of Book(s) in PDF or other equivalent format(s) through any social media channels,
emails, etc. or any other channels through mobiles, laptops or desktop is a criminal offence. Anybody
circulating, downloading, storing, soft copy of the book on his device(s) is in breach of Copyright Act. Further
Photocopying of this book or any of its material is also illegal. Do not download or forward in case you come
across any such soft copy material.
Disclaimer
A team of PW experts and faculties with an understanding of the subject has worked hard for the books.
While the author and publisher have used their best efforts in preparing these books. The content has been
checked for accuracy. As the book is intended for educational purposes, the author shall not be responsible for
any errors contained in the book.
The publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter
covered.
This book and the individual contribution contained in it are protected under copyright by the publisher.
(This Module shall only be Used for Educational Purpose.)
, Design Against Static Load
INDEX
1. IC Engine Cycles ................................................................................................................... 4.1 – 4.5
2. Gas Power Cycles.................................................................................................................. 4.6 – 4.10
3. Vapour Power Cycles ........................................................................................................... 4.11 – 4.15
4. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning ...................................................................................... 4.16 – 4.31
5. Gas Compressors .................................................................................................................. 4.32 – 4.37
GATE-O-PEDIA MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
, ATD IC Engines
1
1.1 Introduction
IC ENGINE CYCLES
1.1.1 Application of TD (IC Engine)
(1) Swept volume VS = D2 LS
4
Length of stroke LS = 2 rC ( rC → radius of crank)
VT VS +VC V
(2) Compression ratio r= = =1+ S r 1
VC VC VC
VC 1 V 1
(3) Clearance ratio C= = S = r −1 r = 1 +
VS C VC C
Assumptions while dealing with Engines
1. Mass in cylinder is fixed. (Air is perfect gas)
2. Combustion is replaced by heat transfer process from external source.
3. All the processes involved are internally reversible.
4. Specific heats of the working substance are assumed to be constant.
1. 2 Otto cycle
Fig. 1.1. P-V and T-s plots of Otto cycle
Processes involved: 1 – 2 → Internally Reversible Isentropic compression
2 – 3 → Internally Reversible Constant Volume Heat addition
3 – 4 → Internally Reversible Isentropic expansion
4 – 1 → Internally Reversible Constant Volume Heat rejection
v 1 v v
Clearance Ratio C = 2 ; r = 1 + = 1 + 1 −1 = 1
v1 − v2 C v2 v2
GATE WALLAH MECHANICAL HANDBOOK 4.1
