Bio 245 Klesath Final
Compare active and passive immunity and describe how each can be acquired naturally
and artificially. - ANS-Passive- produced by transfer of antibodies from another source -
Naturally- maternal antibodies or breast milk - Artificially- direct administration of
collected antibodies
Active- develops in response to antigen exposure- Naturally- exposure to antigens in
environment- Artificially- vaccination
Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity. - ANS-innate immunity=
immediate response to wide array of substances
adaptive immunity= delayed response to specific antigen with memory
Compare how lipid-soluble and water-soluble hormones are transported in the blood,
how they interact with the target cell receptors, and differences between their half-lives.
- ANS-Water soluble- Biogenic Amines- derived from amino acids, (TH, catecholamines,
melantonin) & Peptides/Proteins- amino acid chains, (ADH, GH, insulin, glucagon)-
activates 2nd messengers to cause a cascade of events within the cell- Shorter ½ life.
Lipid Soluble- Steroid- derivative of cholesterol(Sex hormones, cortisol, aldosterone)-
carrier proteins & lipid sol. horomones synthesize mRNA- longer ½ life.
Compare intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressures and explain how these pressure
differences help keep the lungs inflated. - ANS-intrapleural pressure= pressure in the
pleural cavity
intrapulmonary pressure= pressure in the alveoli
The lungs remain inflated since the intrapulmonary pressure is greater than the
intrapleural pressure. Inspiration= volume of the lungs increases as pressure decreases
expiration= volume of the lungs decreases as pressure increases
Compare primary and secondary lymphatic structures and the role of each. -
ANS-primary= where immune cells mature; red bone marrow and thymus
secondary= where immune cells are housed; lymph nodes and spleen
,Compare synergistic, permissive, and antagonist hormone interactions and provide
examples of each. - ANS-Synergistic- hormones work together to preform greater effect
Permissive- 1st hormone allows action of 2nd hormone
Antagonist- one hormone causes opposite effect of another hormone
Compare the atrioventricular and semilunar heart valves. - ANS-atrioventricular valves
-has tendentious cords
-blood flows down
semilunar valves
-smaller valves
-blood flows up
-prevents back flow
Compare the cell-mediated and humoral (antibody-mediated) branches of the adaptive
immune system. - ANS-Humoral and cell-mediated Immunity are together responsible
for coping with foreign bodies like viruses and bacteria that enter a human organism
and cause various diseases.
Cell-mediated- responsible for viruses and bacteria that have penetrated into the cell.
The cells that make cell-mediated immunity possible are known in biology as t-cells,
which mature in the thymus.
Humoral- responsible for viruses and bacteria that have not yet penetrated into the cell.
The cells that make humoral immunity possible are known as b-cells, which contain
b-lymphocytes.
Compare the function of chronotropic and inotropic agents. List positive/negative
examples for each group. - ANS-chronotropic agents
positive= NE increases caused by TH, caffeine, and cocaine
negative= stops beta receptor binding
intropic agents
positive= increased contraction strength and stroke volume
negative= decreases contraction strength and stroke volume
Compare the function of the Principal cells and Type A/B cells of the DCT and collecting
tubules/ducts.
Explain the impact of aldosterone on the principal cells including how it alters transport
proteins at the tubular cell membranes. - ANS-Principal cells reabsorb Na+, water,
calcium, and secrete K+ at varying rates.
, Type A cells secrete H+ and reabsorb bicarbonate in response to acidic blood to
increase blood pH.
Type B cells reabsorb H+ in reponse to basic blood to decrease blood pH.
Compare the hormones produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid and the
parathyroid gland. - ANS-Parafollicular cells of the thyroid produce Calcitonin, while the
parathyroid gland produces PTH to decrease blood calcium levels.
Compare the major groups of pathogens outlined in lecture. - ANS-bacteria=
single-celled prokaryotes that damage tissues by releasing toxins
viruses= use cells to reproduce
fungi= releases enzymes and induces inflammation
protozoans= cells lacking a cell wall that are parasites
multicellular parasites= cause disease in the nervous system
prions= fragments of infectious proteins that cause disease in the nervous system
Compare the permeability of the descending and ascending nephron. -
ANS-Descending nephron is permeable to water and impermeable to salts/solutes.
Ascending nephron is impermeable to water and permeable to salts/solutes.
Compare the positive and negative selection process in T lymphocytes and explain how
these cells differentiate into either Helper T lymphocytes or Cytotoxic T lymphocytes. -
ANS-Formation of T-cells in Thymus
Positive selection- recognize or bind to MHC molecule?
Negative selection- Does not bind to self antigen?
Helper T-cells lose CD8 protein and keep CD4 (MHC II), Cytotoxic T-cells lose CD4
protein and keep CD8 (MHC I).
Describe the first and second stimulation of B lymphocytes and the resulting response.;
Compare active and passive immunity and describe how each can be acquired naturally
and artificially. - ANS-Passive- produced by transfer of antibodies from another source -
Naturally- maternal antibodies or breast milk - Artificially- direct administration of
collected antibodies
Active- develops in response to antigen exposure- Naturally- exposure to antigens in
environment- Artificially- vaccination
Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity. - ANS-innate immunity=
immediate response to wide array of substances
adaptive immunity= delayed response to specific antigen with memory
Compare how lipid-soluble and water-soluble hormones are transported in the blood,
how they interact with the target cell receptors, and differences between their half-lives.
- ANS-Water soluble- Biogenic Amines- derived from amino acids, (TH, catecholamines,
melantonin) & Peptides/Proteins- amino acid chains, (ADH, GH, insulin, glucagon)-
activates 2nd messengers to cause a cascade of events within the cell- Shorter ½ life.
Lipid Soluble- Steroid- derivative of cholesterol(Sex hormones, cortisol, aldosterone)-
carrier proteins & lipid sol. horomones synthesize mRNA- longer ½ life.
Compare intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressures and explain how these pressure
differences help keep the lungs inflated. - ANS-intrapleural pressure= pressure in the
pleural cavity
intrapulmonary pressure= pressure in the alveoli
The lungs remain inflated since the intrapulmonary pressure is greater than the
intrapleural pressure. Inspiration= volume of the lungs increases as pressure decreases
expiration= volume of the lungs decreases as pressure increases
Compare primary and secondary lymphatic structures and the role of each. -
ANS-primary= where immune cells mature; red bone marrow and thymus
secondary= where immune cells are housed; lymph nodes and spleen
,Compare synergistic, permissive, and antagonist hormone interactions and provide
examples of each. - ANS-Synergistic- hormones work together to preform greater effect
Permissive- 1st hormone allows action of 2nd hormone
Antagonist- one hormone causes opposite effect of another hormone
Compare the atrioventricular and semilunar heart valves. - ANS-atrioventricular valves
-has tendentious cords
-blood flows down
semilunar valves
-smaller valves
-blood flows up
-prevents back flow
Compare the cell-mediated and humoral (antibody-mediated) branches of the adaptive
immune system. - ANS-Humoral and cell-mediated Immunity are together responsible
for coping with foreign bodies like viruses and bacteria that enter a human organism
and cause various diseases.
Cell-mediated- responsible for viruses and bacteria that have penetrated into the cell.
The cells that make cell-mediated immunity possible are known in biology as t-cells,
which mature in the thymus.
Humoral- responsible for viruses and bacteria that have not yet penetrated into the cell.
The cells that make humoral immunity possible are known as b-cells, which contain
b-lymphocytes.
Compare the function of chronotropic and inotropic agents. List positive/negative
examples for each group. - ANS-chronotropic agents
positive= NE increases caused by TH, caffeine, and cocaine
negative= stops beta receptor binding
intropic agents
positive= increased contraction strength and stroke volume
negative= decreases contraction strength and stroke volume
Compare the function of the Principal cells and Type A/B cells of the DCT and collecting
tubules/ducts.
Explain the impact of aldosterone on the principal cells including how it alters transport
proteins at the tubular cell membranes. - ANS-Principal cells reabsorb Na+, water,
calcium, and secrete K+ at varying rates.
, Type A cells secrete H+ and reabsorb bicarbonate in response to acidic blood to
increase blood pH.
Type B cells reabsorb H+ in reponse to basic blood to decrease blood pH.
Compare the hormones produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid and the
parathyroid gland. - ANS-Parafollicular cells of the thyroid produce Calcitonin, while the
parathyroid gland produces PTH to decrease blood calcium levels.
Compare the major groups of pathogens outlined in lecture. - ANS-bacteria=
single-celled prokaryotes that damage tissues by releasing toxins
viruses= use cells to reproduce
fungi= releases enzymes and induces inflammation
protozoans= cells lacking a cell wall that are parasites
multicellular parasites= cause disease in the nervous system
prions= fragments of infectious proteins that cause disease in the nervous system
Compare the permeability of the descending and ascending nephron. -
ANS-Descending nephron is permeable to water and impermeable to salts/solutes.
Ascending nephron is impermeable to water and permeable to salts/solutes.
Compare the positive and negative selection process in T lymphocytes and explain how
these cells differentiate into either Helper T lymphocytes or Cytotoxic T lymphocytes. -
ANS-Formation of T-cells in Thymus
Positive selection- recognize or bind to MHC molecule?
Negative selection- Does not bind to self antigen?
Helper T-cells lose CD8 protein and keep CD4 (MHC II), Cytotoxic T-cells lose CD4
protein and keep CD8 (MHC I).
Describe the first and second stimulation of B lymphocytes and the resulting response.;
