Biology Pearson Final Exam Revision Guide Summary. Short Questions with Answers

cell theory - Ans-all living things are composed of cells -cells are the basic unit of structure for living things -new cells are produced for existing cells prokaryote - AnsCharacteristics: cell membrane is small and simple no visible nucleus DNA spread throughout cytoplasm eukaryote - AnsCharacteristics: call membrane is big and complex has organelles cytoplasm is spread unicellular or multicellular cell membrane - AnsRegulates what goes in and out of the cells, provides protection and support, proteins are inside that let things come through them, 2 layers of fats, cells recognize each other cytoplasm - AnsThe material inside the cell membrane not including the nucleus or organelles, gellike matrix 60-95% water cell wall - AnsOutside the cell membrane, strong rigid layer of support and protection (additional layer of protection/tougher), plants, most protists, fungi, and bacteria, allows 02 and CO2 and other substances to go through it, made of carbs and proteins(plants- cellulose, bacteria- peptidoglycan, fungichitin) nucleus - AnsControl center, controls most of the cell processes, made up of DNA (hereditary information), DNA has two different forms, chromatin and chromosomes chromatin and chromosomes - Anstwo forms of DNA in the nucleus chromatin - AnsUnorganized, DNA and proteins granular chromosomes - AnsOrganized, dividing cells,condensed form of chromatin nucleolus - AnsInside nucleus, dense structure, the star of where ribosomes are assembled (which make proteins), darker spot in the nucleus nuclear envelope - AnsDouble-layered membrane, thousands of nucleus pores, would not see in prokaryotic cells cytoskeleton - AnsMicrofilaments and microtubules, made up of proteins, helps cell maintain its shape, involved in cell movement (helps it move or things move inside it), sperm and white blood cells centrioles - AnsOnly animals have them, used in cell division, example of a microtubule, cytoskeleton ribosomes - AnsMake proteins, use information from DNA, made in the nucleus, contains rRNA and proteins endoplasmic reticulum - AnsInside cytoplasm pathway, internal membrane, helps put cell membrane together (components of cell membrane), modifies some proteins golgi apparatus - AnsTake proteins from ER and changes them more, modifies with carbs and lipids, puts tags on the cell membrane, Golgi apparatus and for ER chloraplasts - AnsLocation of photosynthesis, converts sunlight, CO2, and H2O into high (stored) energy carbos (like glucose), plant, some protists, and some bacteria (not animals or fungi) Mitochondria - AnsPowerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production lysosomes - AnsBreak down, sacs of enzymes to help break carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids from "food", breaks down old organelles