Study Guide CogSci 1 Final Exam Q&A Latest 2024

Study Guide CogSci 1 Final Exam Q&A Latest 2024 What is Cognitive Science? - CORRECT ANSWER-The interdisciplinary scientific study of the mind Uses the scientific method Computer Science, Neuroscience, Psychology, Philosophy, Social Science, Linguistics Several ways to view and approach cognitive science CRUM model - CORRECT ANSWER-Computational Representational Understanding of the Mind Developed by Paul Thagard Hypothesis: "Thinking is performed by computations operating on representations" Our minds think in concepts, propositions, rules, analogies, and images Hebbian learning - CORRECT ANSWER-Donald Hebb: "When an axon of cell A is near enough to excite a cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells such that A's efficiency, as one of the cells firing B, is increased." "Neurons that fire together, wire together." - CORRECT ANSWER-Eric Kandel reinforced this idea with this studies of sea slugs. As these organisms learned to withdraw from the electrical shock, he observed and measured synaptic changes in their neuroanatomy. Neuroanatomy - CORRECT ANSWER-Action Potential Brain regions and lobes Split-brain patients - CORRECT ANSWER-Roger Sperry severed the corpus callosum of severely epileptic patients, which cured their epilepsy but it altered their information processing Split Brain Patient Overview - CORRECT ANSWER-The left hemisphere is responsible for language processing and the right hemisphere is responsible for movement of the left side of the body. When the patients were shown "KEY" to their left visual field and "RING" in their right visual field, they could only read the word RING (because right visual field crosses to the left hemisphere where language is processed), but when they were asked to pick up what the object shown to their left visual field they could successfully pick up a key with their left hand (because right hemisphere controls movement of their left side). Alternatively, when the word FACE is flashed to their left visual field they cannot name what they saw, but they can draw it. Phantom limb phenomenon - CORRECT ANSWER-Amputees may receive signals from their missing limb. The limb is not there, but they feel sensations of pain, touch, etc "from" that area. Mirror Box therapy - CORRECT ANSWER-Using a mirror system that gives the illusion that the missing limb is not missing, we can use the visual system to send signals to our brain about our missing limb, relieving the patients of pain. Localization of function - CORRECT ANSWER-Introduced first by Franz Gall with his proposed pseudoscience of phrenology This concept is the idea that the brain is modular, split into regions that are responsible for specific brain functions. Oligodendroglia - CORRECT ANSWER-Myelinate neurons in the CNS Schwann Cells - CORRECT ANSWER-Myelinate neurons in the PNS Astrocyte - CORRECT ANSWER-Star-Shaped cells in the CNS that provide physical and nutritional support for neurons Microglia - CORRECT ANSWER-Glia in the CNS that digest parts of dead neurons Neuroimaging techniques - CORRECT ANSWER-MEG EEG CAT PET Single/Multiple Cell Recording MRI fMRI Photography Temporal vs Spatial Resolution - CORRECT ANSWER-Temporal Resolution: accuracy with which one can measure WHEN an event is HAPPENING Spatial Resolution: accuracy with which one can measure WHERE an event is HAPPENING