1. What is the most common initial manifestation of
multiple sclerosis (MS)?
A. Seizures
B. Tremors
C. Visual disturbances
D. Cognitive decline
Answer: C
Rationale: Optic neuritis and visual changes are
common early signs of MS due to demyelination of
optic pathways.
2. Which of the following is a feature of iron
deficiency anemia?
A. Macrocytic RBCs
B. Normocytic RBCs
C. Microcytic, hypochromic RBCs
D. Spherocytes
Answer: C
,Rationale: Iron deficiency leads to smaller, paler red
blood cells.
3. In hypothyroidism, which of the following is
typically elevated?
A. T3
B. T4
C. TSH
D. Calcitonin
Answer: C
Rationale: In primary hypothyroidism, the pituitary
compensates for low thyroid hormones by increasing
TSH.
4. What is the most common cause of upper
gastrointestinal bleeding?
A. Esophageal cancer
B. Peptic ulcer disease
C. Mallory-Weiss tear
D. Gastric carcinoma
Answer: B
,Rationale: Peptic ulcers, especially from H. pylori or
NSAID use, are the leading cause of upper GI
bleeding.
5. What mechanism is primarily responsible for the
symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?
A. Overproduction of acetylcholine
B. Demyelination of motor neurons
C. Degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in
the substantia nigra
D. Inflammation of basal ganglia
Answer: C
Rationale: Loss of dopamine in the substantia nigra
leads to motor symptoms such as bradykinesia and
tremors.
6. Which of the following is most associated with
aortic dissection?
A. Hyperlipidemia
B. Marfan syndrome
C. Anemia
D. Diabetes mellitus
, Answer: B
Rationale: Marfan syndrome weakens connective
tissue, predisposing to aortic dissection.
7. In ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome),
what is the main pathophysiologic problem?
A. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness
B. Loss of alveolar surfactant and inflammation
C. Chronic mucus hypersecretion
D. Viral invasion of bronchial epithelium
Answer: B
Rationale: ARDS involves diffuse alveolar damage,
inflammation, and surfactant dysfunction causing
impaired gas exchange.
8. Which of the following contributes to the
development of atherosclerosis?
A. Elevated HDL
B. Low LDL
C. Endothelial injury
D. Low blood pressure
multiple sclerosis (MS)?
A. Seizures
B. Tremors
C. Visual disturbances
D. Cognitive decline
Answer: C
Rationale: Optic neuritis and visual changes are
common early signs of MS due to demyelination of
optic pathways.
2. Which of the following is a feature of iron
deficiency anemia?
A. Macrocytic RBCs
B. Normocytic RBCs
C. Microcytic, hypochromic RBCs
D. Spherocytes
Answer: C
,Rationale: Iron deficiency leads to smaller, paler red
blood cells.
3. In hypothyroidism, which of the following is
typically elevated?
A. T3
B. T4
C. TSH
D. Calcitonin
Answer: C
Rationale: In primary hypothyroidism, the pituitary
compensates for low thyroid hormones by increasing
TSH.
4. What is the most common cause of upper
gastrointestinal bleeding?
A. Esophageal cancer
B. Peptic ulcer disease
C. Mallory-Weiss tear
D. Gastric carcinoma
Answer: B
,Rationale: Peptic ulcers, especially from H. pylori or
NSAID use, are the leading cause of upper GI
bleeding.
5. What mechanism is primarily responsible for the
symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?
A. Overproduction of acetylcholine
B. Demyelination of motor neurons
C. Degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in
the substantia nigra
D. Inflammation of basal ganglia
Answer: C
Rationale: Loss of dopamine in the substantia nigra
leads to motor symptoms such as bradykinesia and
tremors.
6. Which of the following is most associated with
aortic dissection?
A. Hyperlipidemia
B. Marfan syndrome
C. Anemia
D. Diabetes mellitus
, Answer: B
Rationale: Marfan syndrome weakens connective
tissue, predisposing to aortic dissection.
7. In ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome),
what is the main pathophysiologic problem?
A. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness
B. Loss of alveolar surfactant and inflammation
C. Chronic mucus hypersecretion
D. Viral invasion of bronchial epithelium
Answer: B
Rationale: ARDS involves diffuse alveolar damage,
inflammation, and surfactant dysfunction causing
impaired gas exchange.
8. Which of the following contributes to the
development of atherosclerosis?
A. Elevated HDL
B. Low LDL
C. Endothelial injury
D. Low blood pressure
