Introduction of radiology and patient care Final Exam Review 2024

Wilhelm C. Rongten - He discovered radiology on November 8, 1895. The first known x-ray image is his wife's hand. Why are they called X-ray's? - It was given the name of X for unknown. Crooke's Tube - X-rays images was taken with this tube apparatus that was developed by William Crookes in the late 1800s. It consists of a glass tube filled with a small amount of gas. Electrodes in the tube allow for the passage of electricity through the gas. Accreditation - Is a process to ensure high quality of operations and offerings of an organization. This can be obtained for healthcare organizations, various services within the health care system, and educational institutions Practice Standards - A written statement developed by the ASRT that describes the radiographer's duties and responsibilities Radiography (R) - Uses electromagnetic energy in the form of x-rays to create medical images. Radiation Therapy (T) - Uses ionizing radiation producing equipment to administer therapeutic doses of radiation as prescribed by the physician for the treatment of disease. Nuclear Medicine (N) - Uses radioactive materials either to image a patient's body or to destroy diseased cells. (Gamma rays) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI or MR) - A form of electromagnetic radiation. It uses radio waves when making images. Sonography (S) - This is a mechanical energy, this is not ionizing. It's transmitted through matter and the image of the returning sound waves are creating diagnostic images. Nonverbal communication - Paralanguage Body Language Touch Professional Appearance Physical Presence Visual Contact Personal Hygiene Five Stages of Grief - Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance Objective Data Collection - Are perceptible to the senses, such as signs that can be seen, heard, or felt and vital signs. Subjective Data Collection - Is what the patient tells you, and that's is what they perceives, it involve the patient's emotions and experiences, such as pain and its severity, and are not perceptible to the senses. Human Diversity - Also called cultural diversity, addresses the variety of human societies and cultures and examines their similarities and differences. Human Diversity Characteristics - Age, disability, economic status, education, ethnicity, family status, first language, gender, geographic location, lifestyle, race, gender or sexual orientation, mental and physical ability, and religion. Multiculturalism - Influx of differing cultures, increasing now and in the future, understanding human diversity, and develop strategies to medicate conflict. Pediatric Patients - Come down to their eye level to talk. Speak softly and less authoritatively. Set up equipment before the child enters the exam room. Soften room lighting. Avoid loud and dramatic equipment movements. Use gentle touch. Maintain eye contact. What is Radiation? - Is energy that is transmitted by waves through space or through a medium (matter) Primary Radiation - X-ray beam after it leaves the X-ray tube and before it reaches the object Scatter Radiation - Radiation produced from x-ray photon interactions with matter in such a way that the resulting photons have continued in a different direction Absorbed Radiation - Radiation that stays in the patient Remnant Radiation - Radiation resulting after the x-ray beam exits the object Latent Image - Through the imaging process, the remnant is what comes out of the patient and hits the image receptor. Once it hits the image receptor it travels and then creates chemical changes and that is called? It's part of the image receptor until its processed to convert into a visible image. (Radiograph) mAs - Milliampere-seconds, mA represents the quantity of x-ray production (miliampere) S represents time (seconds) Beam Modification - The beam can be modified before it enters the patient, in which case it is called primary beam modification. Before it enters the patient its through collimation and then filtration within the x-ray machine its self. After it enters the patient there's a grid that cleans up the scatter Beam Limitation (Collimation) - Is the use of devices, such as a collimator, to confine the x-ray beam to the area of interest, thereby reducing exposure to body parts other than those under examination. In addition to patient protection, beam limitation dramatically affects radiographic quality. Fluoroscopy - Use of x-rays to create real-time images of patient anatomy and function. X-ray exposures are much less than radiographic exposures. Requires a radiographic/fluoroscopic (R/F) x-ray system with image intensification. Physicians can observe the body's physiologic actions. X-ray Machine Design - an x-ray tube and support (tube stand), system, collimator assembly, x-ray table, x-ray generator, control console, and upright image receptor. Control Console - Is the interface between the radiographer and the sophisticated electronics of the x-ray machine. Console features a on and off switch, it can select exposure factors and it initiates and terminates exposure. Exposure - A rotor switch that makes the exposure, the time period of how long it stays on can be manually and automatically done through a technique set up. X-Ray Tube - The tube itself is composed of a cathode (negative) and an anode, (positive) enclosed in a special heat-resistant glass(Pyrex) envelope to maintain the vacuum necessary for optimal x-ray production. Cosmic Radiation - Radiation that comes from the sun and beyond the solar system. What are the five ways x-ray's interact with matter? - Classic coherent scattering Photoelectric interaction Compton scattering Pair production Photodisintegration. Photoelectric Effect - The second common interaction of x-rays with matter in the diagnostic range. Its the greatest hazard to patients because they're absorbed in the patients body. Compton Scattering - The last interaction common to the diagnostic x-ray range. They're responsible for occupational exposure, if the hit the patient scatter or if it goes through the patient and scatters we may get that exposure if we are near. ALARA - As Low As Reasonably Achievable Radiosensitivity - Radiation damage specific to mitotic activity, rapidly dividing cells higher potencial for damage Radiation Monitoring - Exposed to 10% or more of effective dose limits. The most common personnel-monitoring devices are the Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), Film badge, Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) and pocket dosimeter OSL - Most common device, made out of aluminum oxide, copper filter, open window, tin, filter, imaging filter. Exposed to laser light to exposure. Pocket Dosimeter - Its similar to pen flashlight, central metal electrode, immediate reading, no permanent record, exposure, not dose Chain of infection - Host Infection Microorganism Mode of transportation Reservoir Direct host-to-host transmission - Infected individual transmits a disease directly to a susceptible host without the assistance of an intermediary. For example handholding, coughing, sexual contact, and touching of some sort. Indirect contact - Exposure or transmission of disease from one person to another by contact with a contaminated object. Vector Transmission - transmission of an infectious agent by an insect, arthropod, or animal Fomite Transmission - Transmission of a pathogen via an inanimate object (door handle, telephone receiver, etc.), e.g., rhinoviruses (common cold). Endogenous Transmission - Is transmission of a pathogen due to physical/immunological breakdown allowing normal flora access to protected tissue. Oxygen Therapy - Used to increase the O2 concentration to the patient and measured by pulse oximeter Low Flow (Delivery Options) - Variable-oxygen concentration, it does not meet entire inspiratory needs, constant 100% oxygen delivered. (Nasal Cannual) High Flow ( Delievery Options) - Fixed or precise oxygen concentration and meets or exceeds inspiratory needs. (Facial Mask) Pulse Rate Physiology - Ventricular contraction transfers to arterial walls to permit measurement. the three common sites used to measure pulse rate: radial artery, brachial, and carotid. The carotid artery is usually used for possible cardiac arrest. Routes - Five routes are commonly used to measure and extrapolate core body temperature: oral, axillary, tympanic, temporal, and rectal. Oral - A common method of measurements are obtained by placing a thermometer under the patient's tongue. 98.6 O Axillary - Inaccurate and time-Consuming. The temperatures are obtained by placing the thermometer high between the upper arm and the torso. Must remain in place 5 to 10 minutes to obtain a stable reading. Its shortcomings make this technique almost useless. 97.6 A Rectal - Temperatures to be measured, the bulb of a rectal thermometer is lubricated, inserted into the anal opening, and held in place in the rectum of the patient for 2 ½ to 5 minutes. 99.6 R Tympanic (Ear) - Temperatures are obtained by placing a tympanic membrane thermometer in the ear. A stable reading is displayed within 3 seconds. 97.6T Rectal and TA - temperatures register approximately 1 degree Fahrenheit higher than oral readings Blood Pressure - Is a measure of the force exerted by blood on the arterial walls during contraction and relaxation of the heart. Consists of two values: diastolic pressure and systolic pressure and it requires two pieces of equipment. Supine Position - lying on back, facing upward Prone Position - Lying on abdomen, facing downward Lateral Position - Side lying position Sims position - lying on left side with right knee drawn up and with left arm drawn behind, parallel to the back Fowler's position - a semi-sitting position; the head of the bed is raised between 45 and 60 degrees Endotracheal Tubes - Are used to manage a variety of respiratory complications. Properly placed 1 to 2 inches above carina CVP Lines (Central venous pressure) - Pressure of blood in the thoracic vena cava, near the right atrium of the heart; reflects the amount of blood returning to the heart and the ability of the heart to pump the blood into the arterial system Swan-Ganz catheter - its named after Jeremy Swan and William Ganz developers, its a line measures arterial pressure in the wedge position and reflect pressure in the left atrium, and may be single or multi-lumen design, with a pressure electrode and cuff at the distal end. Thoracotomy Tubes - Also known as chest tubes, its put in the chest to drain the intrapleural space and mediastinum, and can be used to take fluid or air. the purpose of this tube is to create negative pressure so what's inside will come out. Parenteral Route - the drug is administered by a route other than the GI tract, typically by injection using a syringe and needle. You would need to do a aseptic technique, go by standard precautions and OSHA standard. Five Rights - 1. right patient 2. right drug 3. right dose 4. right route 5. right time Intravenous Injection - Drug placed directly into vein, its effective and quick, you cannot leave patient alone, note any reactions, watch for extravasation, and use universal precautions Extravasation - Discharge or escape of fluid from a vessel into the surrounding tissue that can cause localized vasoconstriction, resulting in sloughing of tissue and tissue necrosis if not reversed with an antidote. Good Body Mechanics - Based on laws of gravity. Use good posture, always keep your body's line of balance close to your center of gravity (below waistline), hold object close to body, bend your knees, don't twist your trunk and push rather than pull. Cart Transfers - Many patients are transported by cart (also called a stretcher or gurney). Always stabilize cart before you do anything, know how to use the slide board, sheets, and how to use moving device. Wheelchair Transfers - Standby assist, assisted standing pivot, two person lift, hydraulic lift. Position patient towards their strong side, and always lock chair. Stat - Immediately Syncope - Fainting, temporary of blood flow to the brain, assist to recumbent position, moist cloth on forehead, Automatic External Defibrillator (AED) - Fully automatic- analyzes and delivers as needed Semiautomatic- Analyzes and advises operator Professional Ethics - Generally accepted criteria that serve to distinguish a profession from other occupations or trades. Professional behavior is defined by professional standards of conduct and scope of practice Beneficence - Bringing about good Nonmaleficence - Preventing harm Autonomy - Acting with personal self-reliance Veracity - Telling the truth Fidelity - Being Faithful Justice - Acting with fairness or equity Legal Aspects - Health record is a Legal document, may be evidence in court case, affects participation in CMS programs, Radiographers may have to testify ADA (American Disabilities Act) - Established in 1990 to prevent discrimination and to prevent discrimination against people that have mental and physical disabilities. Negligence - Failure to use reasonable judgements, the four elements for malpractice suit are duty to patient, breach of duty, compensable injury, and causal relationship. False Imprisonment - Conscious restraints without consent. Res Ipsa Loquitur - the thing speaks for itself Chemical Name - Chemical formula for a drug Generic Name - Name assigned by the manufacturer who first develops a drug Trade name - Brand name copyrighted by the company that sells the drug. Example benadryl Drug Classification - A method of grouping drugs; Action-Drug families Function-Know some of them For example, drugs that relieve pain are classified as analgesics, drugs used to treat high blood pressure are classified as antihypertensives Side Effect - Results from the drug acting on tissues other than those intended, which causes a response unrelated to the intended action. Contrast Media - Negative contrast-Increased density (Black) Positive- Decreased density (White)