WGU D115 patho unit 3-neurological, pyschiatric, endocrine exam questions and answers

Thyroid hormones affect: Growth and maturation of tissues, cell metabolism, heat production, cardiac functioning, O2 consumption Gland Primarily responsible for calcium regulation Parathyroid Alpha cells secrete glucagon Beta cells secrete insulin and amylin delta cells secrete somatostatin and gastrin F cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide that stimulates gastric secretion and antagonizes cholecytokinin function of insulin Facilitates rate of glucose uptake into cells Glucagon function increases blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogenolysis and glyconeogenesis Ghrelin function Stimulates growth hormone secretion, controls appetite, regulates insulin sensitivity Types of glucocorticoids cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone function of glucocorticoids Increase blood glucose through liver glyconeogenesis, decrease muscle reuptake of glucose, carb metabolism Cortisol Most important glucocorticoid hormone adrenal medulla chromaffin cells, catecholamines, fight or flight Release of catecholemines Fight for flight radioimmunoassay (RIA) blood test that uses radioactively tagged hormones and antibodies to measure the quantity of hormone in the plasma Endocrine decreases in aging Tsh, glucose tolerance, insulin, growth hormone, clearance of cortisol, adrenal androgens Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) symptoms Impaired taste, increased sodium levels, fatigue, confusion diabetes insipidus caused by Hypo function of posterior pituitary symptoms of diabetes insipidus polyuria, polydipsia, cannot concentrate urine, urine output 8-12L per day, thirst hyperpituitarism symptoms Headache, fatigue, visual changes, usually caused by tumor hyperthyroidism/ grave's disease symptoms Thin hair, enlarged thyroid (warm), heat intolerance, weight loss, warm skin, sweaty palms, elevated T3 and T4, low TSH Thyrotoxic Crisis (Thyroid Storm) signs Hyperthermia (105º F or higher), severe tachycardia, restlessness, agitation, tremor, unconsciousness, coma, hypotension, heart failure Hypothyroidism symptoms dry and itchy skin, dry and brittle hair, constipation, muscle cramps at night, decreased heart rate, cold intolerance, lethargy hyperparathyroidism symptoms Hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, possible kidney stones, alkaline urine, pathological fractures type 1 diabetes mellitus caused by Autoantibodies, t-cell and macrophage destruction of pancreatic beta cells type 1 diabetes mellitus manifestations Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, hyperglycemia, weight loss, fatigue type 2 diabetes mellitus causes Leptin resistance, elevated serum free fatty acids, intracellular lipid deposits, insulin resistance decreasing insulin secretion, beta cell dysfunction type 2 diabetes mellitus symptoms fatigue, blurred vision, thirst, and hyperglycemia; may have neural or vascular complications Lipolysis Ketogenic effect caused by metabolism of free fatty acids in liver, stimulated by glucagon Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) symptoms Polyuria, dehydration, kussmaul respiration's, acetone breath odor, serum glucose greater than 250 diabetic retinopathy Leading cause of blindness worldwide, maculopathy, macular edema Macro vascular disease Stroke, peripheral artery disease Cushing syndrome symptoms fatty hump between shoulders, a rounded face, and pink or purple stretch marks on skin, thinning fragile skin, slow healing of cuts, insect bites and infections, acne, decreased libido, decreased fertility, irregular or absent menstrual periods, fatigue, muscle weakness, cognitive difficulties, and headaches. Addison disease symptoms Hypocortisolism, hypoaldosteronism, weakness, hyper pigmentation, vitiligo adipose tissue function insulation, mechanical support, energy reserve to fuel tissues white adipose tissue function energy storage, heterogenous metabolic capabilities, secrete adipokines