KNHS 3319 Exam 1 Study Guide with Complete Solutions

KNHS 3319 Exam 1 Study Guide with Complete Solutions Muscle Tissue Types - Correct Answer ️️ -Voluntary: Skeletal Involuntary: Cardiac/Smooth Myofibril - Correct Answer ️️ -Bundles of protein filaments containing contractile elements Sarcomere - Correct Answer ️️ -Basic contractile unit of a myofibril/muscle fiber Actin and Myosin - Correct Answer ️️ -Actin: Composed of actin, tropomyosin, troponin. Myosin: Composed of 2 twisted protein strands Alpha Motor Neuron - Correct Answer ️️ -Connects/innervates with skeletal muscle fibers causing muscle contraction EC-Coupling - Correct Answer ️️ -Initiated by an AP from the brain/spinal cord, involving ACh release, depolarization, and calcium enabling actin-myosin contraction Calcium - Correct Answer ️️ -Enables actin-myosin contraction during muscle fiber contraction Sliding Filament Theory - Correct Answer ️️ -Process of muscle contraction involving actin-myosin binding, ATP conversion, and cross-bridge interaction ATP Usage - Correct Answer ️️ -Converted from chemical to mechanical energy during cross-bridge cycling for contraction, and lowers myoplasmic calcium levels during relaxation ATPase - Correct Answer ️️ -Splits ATP to yield ADP and inorganic phosphate, causing the power stroke of the myosin head Muscle Fiber Types - Correct Answer ️️ -Type I: Slow twitch, Type II: Fast twitch Length-Tension Relationship - Correct Answer ️️ -Optimal sarcomere length maximizes potential for cross-bridge interaction Carbohydrates - Correct Answer ️️ -Primary energy source for muscles and the brain Fat Utilization - Correct Answer ️️ -Primary energy source during exercise Protein - Correct Answer ️️ -Supplies 10% energy needed for exercise, with amino acids used for energy via gluconeogenesis Rate of Energy Production - Correct Answer ️️ -Determined by substrate availability and enzyme activity, with mass action effect and rate-limiting enzymes ATP-PCr System - Correct Answer ️️ -Provides 1 ATP/1 PCr for 3-15 seconds Glycolysis - Correct Answer ️️ -Produces 2-3 ATP, with glucose and glycogen as substrates Oxidative System - Correct Answer ️️ -Produces ATP via aerobic pathways, involving glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and ETC Oxidation of Fat - Correct Answer ️️ -Breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and FFA for energy B-Oxidation - Correct Answer ️️ -Conversion of FFA's to acetyl CoA in the mitochondria Oxidation of Protein - Correct Answer ️️ -Used for energy when other systems