Porth's Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Exam Questions and Complete Solutions.

Porth's Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Exam Questions and Complete Solutions Pathophysiology - Ans: - Physiology of altered health - Disordered physiological process associated with disease or injury Health (WHO Definition) - Ans: "State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity." 1948 definition Determinants of Health (Healthy People 2020) - Ans: - Attain lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death - Achieve health equity and eliminate disparities - Promote good health for all - Promote healthy behaviors across the lifespan Disease Process Aspects - Ans: - Etiology - Pathogenesis - Morphologic Changes - Clinical Manifestations - Diagnosis - Clinical Course Etiologic Factors - Ans: Causes of a congenital or acquired disease - most disease-causing agents are nonspecific - most disease states do not have a single cause - most disease processes have multifactorial etiologies - multiple predisposing factors are often referred to as risk factors Recognized Etiologic Factors - Ans: - biologic agents (e.g., bacteria, viruses); - physical forces (e.g., trauma, burns, radiation); - chemical agents (e.g., poisons, ethanol); - genetic inheritance; and - nutritional excesses or deficits Pathogenesis - Ans: Evolution of the disease process - Sequence of cellular and tissue events from the time of initial contact with the etiologic agent until the disease is expressed Morphology - Ans: Study of the fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues - Concerned with both the gross anatomic and microscopic changes that characterize a disease Clinical Manifestations - Ans: Signs and symptoms describe the structural and functional changes that accompany a disease Diagnosis - Ans: Designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem (disease or disorder) Diagnostic Process - Ans: - Careful History - Physical Exam - Laboratory Testing Clinical Course - Ans: Describes the evolution of a disease Risk Factors - Ans: Multiple predisposing factors Histology - Ans: Study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues - Preparation of histologic sections --thin, translucent sections of human tissues and organs examined with the aid of a microscope- is a common method Lesions - Ans: Pathologic or traumatic discontinuity of body tissue or organ - Often subject to morphologic and/or histologic study Sign - Ans: Manifestation of disease or disorder noted by an observer (Objective assessment) Symptom - Ans: Subjective complaint noted by the person with the disease or disorder - Noted in chart in the CC and HPI Syndrome - Ans: Compilation of signs and symptoms characteristic of a specific disease state (i.e. Irritable Bowel Syndrome) Complications - Ans: Potential or actual adverse extension of a disease or disorder, or outcomes from treatment Sequelae - Ans: Impairments that follow or are caused by a disease Congenital vs Acquired - Ans: Present at the time of birth vs. Acquired from the environment Acute Course - Ans: Relatively severe but self-limiting Chronic Course - Ans: Continuous, long-term process ~ may run a continuous course or can present with exacerbations (aggravation of symptoms and severity of disease) and remissions (periods of time in which there is a decrease in severity and symptoms) Subacute Course - Ans: Intermediate between acute and chronic ~ not as severe as an acute disease and not as prolonged as a chronic disease Epidemiology - Ans: Study of disease occurrence in human populations - Originally intended to explain the spread of infectious diseases during epidemics; now a science to study risk factors for multifactorial diseases (e.g., obesity, diabetes, cardiac disease, cancer) - Looks for patterns in affected individuals (e.g., age, gender, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, dietary habits, lifestyle, geographic location) that may affect disease occurrence or severity Incidence - Ans: Number of new cases arising in a population at risk during a specified time Prevalence - Ans: Measure of existing disease in a population at a given point in time (e.g., number of existing cases divided by the current population) Morbidity - Ans: Describes the effects of a disease or disorder on an individual's life - Morbidity statistics are provided as the incidence of specific disease or disorder in a given population - Concerned not only with incidence (occurrence) but with persistence and long-term consequences of a disease or disorder Mortality - Ans: Statistics provide information about the cause of death (etiology) in a given population - The mortality rate is most often expressed as death rates for a specific population Primary Levels of Care - Ans: Prevents disease from occurring - Directed at removing all disease risk factors - Occurs mostly at community level - Ex: Childhood immunizations, Seatbelt Use, Use of Helmets Secondary Level of Care - Ans: Detects and cures disease in the asymptomatic phase - Aim is to diagnose disease or disorder in its early stages, while still asymptomatic - Implement treatment measures that can yield a cure or stop the disease or disorder from progressing - Ex: Diabetes screening, Cholesterol screening, Depression screening Tertiary Level of Care - Ans: Reduces complications of disease - Goal is to implement clinical interventions to prevent further deterioration or reduce complications once a disease or disorder has been diagnosed - Ex: Allergen eliminates for asthmatics, chronic pain mgmt programs