MMBIO 221 Breakwell Final Review

Suspected Case - shows symptoms consistent w/ outbreaks Probable Case - symptoms consistent w/ definition Prevalence - number of cases of a disease that is always in an area prevelance rate= total cases/ population Incidence - number of new cases/number of people at risk of the disease Kochs Postulates - 1. The suspected organism should be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals 2. The suspected organism should be grown in pure culture 3. Cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen should cause disease in a healthy animal 4. The organism should be re-isolated and shown to be the same as the original. Not perfect Problems w/ Koch's postulate - 1. Carriers can be asymptomatic. More than one pathogen can cause the same symptoms. 2. some microbes cannot grow in pure culture 3. not all microbes are equally pathogenic 4. some microbes cannot be grown in pure culture Phases of infectious disease - Incubation (when you get the disease to when you start showing symptoms) Prodrome (initial onset of symptoms) Clinical (typical signs and symptoms of disease) Decline (symptoms begin to subside) Convalescence (recovery) Three factors affecting the host? - Evironmental Factors (anything leading to poor hygiene, lack of sanitation and improper medical care) Genetic Factors Social Factors (stress, sexual behaviors, excessive drinking) Disease Transmission Breakdown - Vehicle (water-food-air) Contact (Droplet-direct-indirect) Vector (mechanical-biological) Difference between Droplet Nuclei and Droplet Contact - Droplet Contact- direct hit larger, closer Droplet Nuclei- airborne, smaller and further away Dropet nuclei are? - 5um Food Intoxication - caused by toxins made by bacteria that is growing ON food that isn't handled properly Food Infection - Caused by bacteria on the food that enters us and makes us sick Three types of Contact Transmission - Droplet (short distances) Direct (person-person) Indirect (fomites) Two types of Vector - Mechanical ( ON the body) Biological (In the body biting, stinging etc.) NIAID's Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases - Group-1 Pathogens Newly Recognized in the Past Two Decades Group 2- Re-emerging Pathogens Group 3- Agents with bioterrorism potential Ideal Qualities of Antibiotics - 1. Broad Spectrum, 2. Work so as to prevent evolution of antibiotic-resistant strains of pathogens 3. No undesirable side-effects 4. Not destroy normal flora 5. Not inactivated by body fluids 6. Highly soluble in body