NUR 213- Final Exam Guide

atherosclerosis - the gradual process by which plaque builds up on the arterial wall atheroma - when the plaque enlarges and becomes calcified and covered up by a fibrous platelet cap cholesterol levels - total <200 HDL >60 LDL<100 C- Reactive Protein - an indication of inflammation HDL - returns cholesterol to the liver LDL - transports liver from the cholesterol to liver and intestine foam cells - lipid- laden macrophages fatty streaks - lesions formed by accumulation of foam cells that cause progression of damage to vessel walls fibrous atheromatous plaqu - combination of smooth muscle proliferation, lipid debris, foam cells, and collage, that can calcify and protrude into vessel and obstruct airflowhypothyroidism - insufficient levels of thyroid hormones T3 and T4, high TSH levels; Hashimotos autoimmune disease most common cause hyperthyroidism - excess secretion of T3 and T4, low levels of TSH; Graves disease most common cause type 1 diabetes - autoimmune destruction of beta cells leading to absolute insulin deficiency; requires insulin replacement type 2 diabetes - cellular resistance to insulin ketoacidosis - ketone accumulation in the bloodstream; sign of diabetes type 1; ketonemia and ketonuria hypoglycemia - excess insulin in the blood leading to low glucose levels; insulin shock; need immediate replacement of glucose metabolic syndrome - group of disorders that together confer a high risk of diabetes type 2; obesity, dyslipidemia, prehypertension, elevated FBS leukocytosis - too many WBC cells leukopenia - too few WBCs erythroblasts - immature RBCs megakaryoblasts - immature thrombocytesmyeloblasts - immature basophils, esinophils, and neutrophils monoblasts - immature monocytes lymphoblasts - immature B and T lymphocytes leukemias - uncontrolled proliferation of malignant leukocytes causing an overcrowding of bone marrow and decreased production and function of normal hematopoietic cells acute leukemias - undifferentiated or immature cells ( blast cells) chronic leukemias - predominant cell is mature but does not function normally chronic lymphocytic leukemia - most common; b lymphocyte malignancy acute myelogenous leukemia - caused by proliferation of myeloid cells in the bone marrow hodgkin lymphoma - characterized by the presence of Reed- Sternberg cells in lymph nodes