FINAL Week 8 Epidemiology.docx

epidemiology - correct answer _______________ is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events (including disease), and the application of this study to the control of diseases and other health problems epi - correct answer upon demos - correct answer people logos - correct answer thought Descriptive epidemiology - correct answer § Or patterns of health events in populations in order to characterize health outcomes in terms of what, who, where, when, how and why: What is the outcome? Who is affected? Where are they? When do events occur? This focus isà descriptive epidemiology person, place, time - correct answer Descriptive epidemiology looks at ______, _______, and ______ person - correct answer Descriptive epidemiology: o Gender, age, race, education, occupation, socioeconomic status, marital status place - correct answer Descriptive epidemiology: o Chemical, physical, biological environment or population densities or behavioral/lifestyle time - correct answer Descriptive epidemiology: o Long term trends, point epidemic, cyclical patterns, event-related clusters analytic epidemiology - correct answer § Reference to the goal of understanding the etiology (or origins and causal factors) of disease; the broad consideration of many levels of potential determinants if called the ecological approach § Search for · Cause and effects · Why and how · Epidemiologists use analytic epidemiology to quantify the association between exposures and outcomes and to test hypotheses about casual relationships o Observational studies, cohort, case control, cross sectional analytic - correct answer __________ epidemiology looks at descriptive comparisons descriptive - correct answer __________ epidemiology sheds light on determinants hippocrates - correct answer § On airs, waters, and places, suggests environmental and host factors such as behaviors might influence the development of disease john snow - correct answer § Father of Epidemiology, cholera epidemic Florence Nightingale - correct answer § Statistician, social reformer and founder of modern nursing § Improved outcomes for soldiers Lillian Wald - correct answer § New York, TB agent, host, environment - correct answer What are the three components of the epidemiological triangle? agent - correct answer · Agent originally referred to an infectious agent: a virus, bacterium, parasite, or other microbe. Generally, the agent must be present for disease to occur; however, presence of that agent alone is not always sufficient to cause disease. · A variety of factors influence whether exposure to an organism will result in disease, including the organism's pathogenicity (ability to cause disease) and dose. · Over time, the concept of agent has been broadened to include chemical and physical causes of disease or injury. Environment - correct answer · Environment refers to extrinsic factors that affect the agent and the opportunity for exposure. · Environmental factors include: o Physical factors: geology and climate, o Plant and animal life: agents, reservoirs or habitats o Human population distribution: crowding, social supports o Socioeconomic factors: resources, education, access to care Working conditions: noise, stress, satisfaction host - correct answer · A variety of factors intrinsic to the host, · sometimes called risk factors, can influence an individual's exposure, susceptibility, or response to a causative agent · Susceptibility and response to an agent are influenced by factors such as genetic composition, age or sex, and immunologic status, presence of disease or medications, and psychological makeup. · Opportunities for exposure are often influenced by lifestyle factors such as sexual practices, diet, exercise, hygiene, and other personal choices web of causality - correct answer § When the epidemiologic triangle is not enough to describe complex relationships.... § Considers · Complex interrelationships · Interacting factors § Need to look for the "Spider" (larger factors and contexts) ecological model - correct answer § Recognizes determinants of health at many levels: · Biological · Mental · Behavioral · Social · Environmental · Inter-related · More on page 278 epidemiological process - correct answer § Determine the nature, extent, and possible significance of the problem § Utilize the data to formulate a possible theory § Gather info from sources to narrow the possibilities § Make a plan § Put the plan in action § Evaluate the plan § Report and follow up Proportion - correct answer · Type of ratio (denominator includes the numerator) % rate - correct answer · Measure of frequency (number of events/ population size and dimension of time · How rapidly something is happening · Change over time risk - correct answer · Probability that an event will occur in a certain amount of time