Oceanography-100 SDSU Final Exam Study Guide (Sacrementa-Grilo) Graded A 2024

Oceanography -100 SDSU Final Exam Study Guide (Sacrementa -Grilo) Graded A 2024 Biological Productivity - the rate of generation of biomass in an ecosystem; western margins of continents have high prosuctivity and the Artic has the most because of high levels of upwelling and downwelling bc there is no thermocline Photosynthesis formula - 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight ---> C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 Photosynthesis - Inputs: Carbon Dioxide, water, sunlightOutputs: Glucose, oxygen Euphotic Zone - Upper layer of a body of water through which sunlight can penetrate and support photosynthesis. Plants - Domain: Eukaryote Kingdom: Plant Protists - Domain: Eukaryote Kingdom: Protista A eukaryotic organism that cannot be classified as an animal, plant, or fungus. (ALGAE) Protists: Large Algae - brown seaweed and kelp red and green algae Protists: Small Algae - Phytoplankton; has the best & most producers; Diatoms Coccolithophores (chalk) Dinoflagellates Bacteria - Domain: Prokaryote Kingdom: Prokaryote True Plants - Seed plants, grasses and mangroves Cyanobacteria - first photosynthesizes; phytoplankton; oxygen -producing bacteria (formerly known as blue -green algae). What is taken from algae for our use and what kind of algae is it? - Coccolithophores is a micro algae protist that is used for chalk Regions of High Productivity - -polar regions (bc there is no thermocline & there is upwelling and downwelling) -coasts (there is some upwelling and river runoff from continents) -coral reefs (lots of sea life) Regions of Low Productivity - Open ocean; espcially within subtropical gyres bc of the stable thermocline and no nutrients from land What are the most abundant of all sea plants? - Phytoplankton Producers - most important; at the bottom of the food chain; they are the organisms that photosynthesize Autotrophs - Organisms that are able to make their own food "primary producer" Consumers - all animals Heterotroph - An organism that cannot make its own food. Pelagic - environment of the open sea Vertebrate Characteristics and Adaptations - (amphibians, reptiles, fish, birds, mammals) all higher vertebrates evolved from fish like ancestors; 500 mya Swimming/Buoyancy - streamline shape (for speed and less energy expended) to reduce water drag; fish -fins (coddle fin to increase speed); Mammals - modified limbs (up & down mechanisms) Avoiding Predators - camouflage; exterior spines, speed, poison, symbiotic relationship; schools/pods (social groups) Diffusion - when a solute goes from an area of high concentration to low concentration (their blood has higher CO2 and low O2 and so they exchange one gas for another) Symbiotic Mutualism - both organisms benefit Deep Sea Fish Adaptations - ○ Good senses (no eyes/eyes to see in dark) ○ Largemouth sharp teeth ○ Expandable bodies ○ Bioluminescence (ability to make light) ○ Male permanently attached to female Angler Fish - Bony Fish (Osteichthyes) - Most successful group in the ocean; great diversity, adaptations Basic Characteristics: Skeleton composed of bone