HY 201 Exam 1 Study Guide

HY 201 Exam 1 Study Guide According to geologists, what created the Eurasian land bridge between Siberia and Alaska and what event brought it to a close? How did it affect the migration and settlement of early peoples? - When the sea level dropped it created a land bridge. As the Ice Age ended and the glaciers melted the sea level rose again and covered the land bridge. The land bridge allowed early peoples to reach the Americas. How did the crusades indirectly lead to the discovery of the Americas? - The Crusades brought a stream of new knowledge from Asia, which helped lead to the Rennaisance. The Rennaissance created a desire to challenge old ideas, and thus encouraged some - such as Columbus - to think they could get around the Arab monopoly on trade goods from Asia, by sailing westwards to India. Why did Portugal come into contact with Africa and what impact did this interaction have on escalating the world slave trade? - The Portuguese invented the caravel that allowed to travel to Africa. They set up trading posts along the African shore for the purchase of slaves. The Portuguese invented the plantation system. What impact did Portuguese inventors and mariners have on world exploration? How did the unification of Spain in 1492 allow Ferdinand and Isabella to challenge Portugal for dominance in world exploration? - Portuguese inventors made world exploration easier (caravel). The unification of Spain made them more powerful and they too wanted the wealth of the Indies. How did the Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494, divide the new world between Spain and Portugal? What considerations were given to Portugal in other areas of the world? - The lions share went to Spain, but Portugal received territory in Africa and Asia as well as land in Brazil. According to Professor Brian Fagen, what was the economic role of salmon fishing and the artistic, political, and cultural nature of Totem Poles to the Pacific Northwest natives? - Fish played a vital role in their economies How did colonization decimate the California coast native cultures? - The colonies forced them into Christianity which caused them to lose contact with their native cultures and they often lost their lives as well due to new diseases According to Professor Michal Alder how did Southwest native cultures strategically plant crops to accommodate seasonable uncertainties and share political power with other groups? - They planted crops that grew best in their areas and they traded with other tribes that grew different plants. According to William Iseminger, what are the primary characteristics of the Mississippian Mound Culture? How do the earthen structures in Moundville (Alabama) relate to the Cahokia Mounds? - The most important people lived at the top of the mounds. They had a stratified social system. There were many waters around the mounds that provided food and water. According to Professor Stuart Schwartz, what was the Columbian Exchange and what was its impact? - The Columbian Exchange refers to a period of cultural and biological exchanges between the New and Old Worlds. Exchanges of plants, animals, diseases and technology transformed European and Native American ways of life. By the end of the 16th century, what nation was the most powerful in Europe and arguably the world? - Spain The conquest of the Aztec Empire was made easier by the fact that: - There was much hostility from rival tribes against the Aztecs Prince Henry the Navigator's research and development in navigation contributed to this nation's early advantage in exploration: - Portugal When the Europeans first encountered sub-Sahara Africa, they found: - A culture as complex as their own The Spanish Conquistadors who explored the Americas