ASWB EXAM - HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, DIVERSITY AND BEHAVIOR IN THE ENVIRONMENT (SECTION 1) QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS|100% verified

ASWB EXAM - HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, DIVERSITY AND BEHAVIOR IN THE ENVIRONMENT (SECTION 1) QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS Social Development CORRECT ANSWER Human beings are inherently social Erikson was interested in how children socialize and how this affects their sense of self Personality develops throughout the life course and looked at identity crises as the focal point for each stage of human development Stages of Psychosocial Development (8) Social development implies a change in social institutions -social cohesion is enhanced when peaceful and safe environments within neighborhoods and communities are created -social accountability exists to the extend that individuals' voices are expressed and heard -reforms aimed at improving rights and more participatory governance are part of the process by which institutional change is achieved Stages of Psychosocial Development CORRECT ANSWER 8 distinct stages, with two possible outcomes -successful completion of each stage results in a healthy personality and successful interactions with others -failure to successfully complete a stage can result in a reduced ability to complete further stages, and therefore, a more unhealthy personality and sense of self -these stages can be resolved successfully at a later time 1) Trust vs. Mistrust -birth to year 1 2) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt -ages 1 to 3 years’ old 3) Initiative vs. Guilt -ages 3 to age 6 4) Industry vs. Inferiority -age 6 to puberty 5) Identity vs. Role Confusion -adolescence (transition from childhood to adulthood) 6) Intimacy vs. Isolation -young adulthood 7) Generativity vs. Stagnation -middle adulthood 8) Ego Integrity vs. Despair -older adulthood Trust vs. Mistrust CORRECT ANSWER Erikson - Stages of Psychosocial Development Birth to 1 year Children begin to learn the ability to trust others based upon the consistency of their caregivers If trust develops successfully, the child gains confidence and security in the world around them, and is able to feel secure even when threatened Unsuccessful completion of this stage can result in an ability to trust, and therefore a sense of fear about the inconsistent world -may result in anxiety, heightened insecurities, and feelings of mistrust in the world around them Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt CORRECT ANSWER Erikson - Stages of Psychosocial Development Between the ages of 1 and 3 years’ old Children begin to assert their independence by walking away from their mother, picking which toy to play with, and making choices about what they like to wear, eat, etc. If children are encouraged and supported in their increased independence, they become more confident and secure in their own ability to survive in the world If criticized, overly controlled or not given the opportunity to assert themselves, they begin to feel inadequate in their ability to survive -may become dependent upon others while lacking self-esteem and feeling a sense of shame or doubt in their own abilities Initiative vs. Guilt CORRECT ANSWER Erikson - Stages of Psychosocial Development Around age 3 and continuing to age 6 Children assert themselves more frequently -plan activities, make up games, initiate activities with others If given this opportunity, children will develop a sense of initiative, and feel secure in their ability to lead others and make decisions If this tendency is squelched (criticism or control), children develop a sense of guilt -may feel like nuisances to others and will therefore remain followers, lacking self-initiative Industry vs. Inferiority CORRECT ANSWER Erikson - Stages of Psychosocial Development From age 6 to puberty Children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments -initiate projects, see them through to completion, and feel good about what they have achieved If encouraged and reinforced for their initiative, they begin to feel industrious and feel confident in their ability to achieve goals If restricted and not encouraged, children begin to feel inferior, doubting their abilities and failing to reach their potential Identity vs. Role Confusion CORRECT ANSWER Erikson - Stages of Psychosocial Development Adolescence -during this time, the transition from childhood to adulthood is most important Children are becoming more independent, and begin to look at the future (career, relationships, families, housing, etc.) -explore possibilities and begin to form their own identities based upon the outcome of their explorations This sense of who they are can be hindered, which results in a sense of confusion about themselves and their role in the world -"I don't know what I want to be when I grow up" Intimacy vs. Isolation CORRECT ANSWER Erikson - Stages of Psychosocial Development Young Adulthood Individuals begin to share themselves more intimately with others and explore relationships leading toward longer term commitments with others outside the family Successful completion can lead to comfortable relationships and a sense of commitment, safety and care within a relationship Avoiding intimacy and fearing commitment can lead to isolation, loneliness and sometimes depression Generativity vs. Stagnation CORRECT ANSWER Erikson - Stages of Psychosocial Development Middle Adulthood Individuals establish careers, settle down within relationships, begin families, and develop a sense of being a part of the bigger picture Give back to society through raising children, being productive at work, and becoming involved in community activities and organizations By failing to achieve these objectives, individuals become stagnant and feel unproductive Ego Integrity vs. Despair CORRECT ANSWER Erikson - Stages of Psychosocial Development Older Adulthood Individuals tend to slow down and explore life as retired people Contemplate accomplishments and are able to develop a sense of integrity if they are satisfied with the progression of their lives If see lives as unproductive and failing to accomplish life goals, they become dissatisfied with life and develop despair -often leading to depression and hopelessness Emotional Development CORRECT ANSWER Emotional milestones are harder to pinpoint than signs of physical development -emphasizes skills that increase self-awareness and self-regulation Social skills and emotional development are reflected by the ability to pay attention, make transitions, and cooperate with others Play is the true work of childhood -children are busy learning while playing -learn that they are liked and fun to be around, which give them the self-confidence they need to build loving and supportive relationships Cognitive Development CORRECT ANSWER Development in terms of information processing, conceptual resources, perceptual skill, language learning and other aspects of brain development -emergence of the ability to think and understand Major controversy = the nature vs. nurture questions -overwhelming evidence shows that it’s a combination 6 Levels of cognition -knowledge -comprehension -application -analysis -synthesis -evaluation