Chapter 1, 2, 3, 4 Critical Thinking Moore and Parker

Chapter 1, 2, 3, 4 Critical Thinking Moore and Parker Claim: - ANS A statement, true or false, that expresses an opinion or belief Argument: - ANS A two-part structure of claims, one part of which (the premise or premises) is given as a reason for thinking the other part (the conclu- sion) is true Issue/Question: - ANS What is raised when a claim is called into question Valid deductive argument: - ANS An argument whose premises being true means that the conclusion must be true Strong inductive argument: - ANS The more support the premises of an induc- tive argument provide for its conclusion, the stronger the argument Value judgment: - ANS A claim that expresses an evaluation of something Moral value judgment: - ANS A claim that expresses a moral or ethical evalua- tion of something Rhetoric: - ANS Language that is psychologically persuasive but does not have extra logical force Claim - ANS When a belief (judgement, opinion) is asserted in a declarative sentence, the result is a claim, statement or assertion Objective claim vs. subjective claim - ANS An objective claim is true or false regardless of whether people think it is true or false. Claims that lack this property are said to be subjective "Fact vs. opinion" - ANS People sometimes refer to true objective claims as "facts," and use the word "opinion" to designate any claim that is subjective "Factual claim" - ANS An objective claim. Saying that a claim is "factual" is not the same as saying it is true. A factual claim is simply a claim whose truth does not depend on our thinking it is true Moral subjectivism - ANS Moral subjectivism is the idea that moral judgments are subjective. "There is nothing either good or bad but that thinking makes it so." Issue - ANS A question Argument - ANS An argument consists of two parts--one part of which (the premise or premises) is intended to provide a reason for accepting the other part (the conclusion) "Argument" - ANS People sometimes use this word to refer just to an argument's premise Arguments and issues - ANS The conclusion of an argument states a position on the issue under consideration Cognitive bias - ANS A feature of human psychology that skews belief formation Belief bias - ANS Evaluating reasoning by how believable its conclusion is Confirmation bias - ANS A tendency to attach more weight to considerations that support our views Availability heuristic - ANS Assigning a probability to an event based on how easily or frequently it is thought of False consensus effect - ANS Assuming our opinions and those held by people around us are shared by society at large Bandwagon effect - ANS The tendency to align our beliefs with those of other people Negativity bias - ANS Attaching more weight to negative information than to positive information Loss aversion - ANS Being more strongly motivated to avoid a loss than to accrue a gain In-group bias - ANS A set of cognitive biases that make us view people who belong to our group differently from people who don't Fundamental attribution error - ANS Having one understanding of the behavior of people in the in-group and another for people not in the in-group Obidience to authority - ANS A tendency to comply with instructions from an authority Overconfidence ffect - ANS cognitive bias that leads us to overestimate what percentage of our answers on a subject are correct Better-than-average illusion - ANS A self-deception cognitive bias that leads us to overestimate our own abilities relative to those of others. Truth - ANS a claim is true if it is free from error