Praxis 5025 Practice Set Questions With
Complete Solutions
Diagraph
Two letters that spell one sound (sh, ch)
Blend
Two or more consonants, when combined make a certain sound and two sounds are
heard (bl).
Dipthong
Two vowels, when combined make a certain sound and not necessarily the sound of
either vowel present (oy, ow).
Onset
The initial phonological unit of any word (e.g. c in cat).
Rime
The string of letters that follow the initial phonological unit, usually a vowel and final
consonants (e.g. at in cat).
Guided Reading
Step between shared reading and independent reading. Usually has small groups/read
independently/teacher support through discussion, strategies, and vocabulary.
Reciprocal Teaching
An instructional activity in which students become the teacher in small group reading
sessions. Teachers model, then help students learn to guide group discussions using
four strategies: 1) summarizing, 2) question generating, 3) clarifying, and 4) predicting.
Once students have learned the strategies, they take turns assuming the role of teacher
in leading a dialogue about what has been read.
Cardinal Numbers
Counting numbers.
,Ordinal Numbers
Order or rank. 1st, 2nd, 3rd.
Nominal Numbers
Name - zip code or player on a team.
Additive Identity Property
Like looking in a mirror. 4+0=4
Associative Property of Addition
the way in which you group three or more numbers when adding does not change their
sum - a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
Commutative Property of Addition
a+b=b+a
Distributive Property
a(b + c) = ab + ac
Congruent Shape
If one shape can become another using turns, flips and/or slides.
Rhombus
A parallelogram with opposite equal acute angles, opposite equal obtuse angles, and
four equal sides. Any parallelogram with equal sides, including a square.
Seriation
Sequencing objects from first to last.
Partitioning
The mental activity of slicing the length of an object into equal-sized units.
Transitivity
If object A is longer than object B and object B is longer than object c, then object a is
longer than object c.
Rote Counting
Young children begin to learn to count by saying numbers in the correct order without
any sense of one-to-one correspondence.
Rational Counting
When a child learns to count with one-to-one correspondence.
Counting-On
,Don't have to recount everything. Is an addition strategy. 8+4 Child starts with the eight
and then adds and additional four.
Counting-All
When children add by beginning with number 1 to count. 8+4= They count the eight and
then count the four.
Divergent Questions
Open ended and lead to independent thinking.
Convergent Questions
Seek a single or right answer.
Phoneme
Smallest unit of sound.
Differentiated Instruction
Modifying instruction for each student through 1) content, 2) process, 3) product and 4)
learning environment.
5 Elements of Effective Reading Instruction (Reading First)
Phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, comprehension.
Phonemic Awareness (not the same as phonological awareness).
Matching words or pictures with sounds. It is the beginning of making a connection
between sound and letter. The specific ability to notice, think about, manipulate and
work with the individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words. It is the foundation for
spelling and word recognition skills. It is one of the best predictors of how well children
will learn to read during the first two years of school instruction.
Phoneme Isolation
"What is the first sound in MAT?
Phoneme Identity
(What is the common sound?) "Tell me the sound that is the same in MAT, MUG, and
MILE."
Phoneme Categoratization
"Tell me the word that doesn't belong: BIG, BAG, MAN." (odd in the sequence)
Phoneme Blending
, 1st best strategy for phonemes. Listen to a sequence and combine. "What word is /r/ /u/
/g/?"
Phoneme Segmentation
2nd best strategy for phonemes. Break up a word into sounds (can tap or count). "How
many sounds are in the word cat? /c/ /a/ /t/" (3) or What are the sounds in the word cat?
Phoneme Deletion
What is left when a phoneme (sound) is removed. "Tell me bike w/o the /b/. (ike)
Phoneme Addition
Make a new word by adding a phoneme. "Tell me a word you will have if you add /s/ to
mile." (Smile)
Phoneme Substitution
Change out a phoneme. "The word is map. Change the /p/ to /t/. What is the word?"
(mat)
When teach phonological awareness?
The earlier the better! Larger gains for at-risk readers.
Invented spelling
Similar to segmenting phonemes (but now representing with letters). More like phonetic
spelling. Good first step for kids 4-7.
Phonics
Letter/sound correspondences.
Graphemes
Letters
Alphabetic Principle
Writing system design that associates phonemes with letters of an alphabet.
Alphabetic Understanding
Understanding that written words are composed of letters related to phonemic
segments of the words of oral language.
Spelling & Phonics
87% of words can be handled with phonics (44 phonemes total).
Phonological Awareness (not the same as phonemic awareness).
Complete Solutions
Diagraph
Two letters that spell one sound (sh, ch)
Blend
Two or more consonants, when combined make a certain sound and two sounds are
heard (bl).
Dipthong
Two vowels, when combined make a certain sound and not necessarily the sound of
either vowel present (oy, ow).
Onset
The initial phonological unit of any word (e.g. c in cat).
Rime
The string of letters that follow the initial phonological unit, usually a vowel and final
consonants (e.g. at in cat).
Guided Reading
Step between shared reading and independent reading. Usually has small groups/read
independently/teacher support through discussion, strategies, and vocabulary.
Reciprocal Teaching
An instructional activity in which students become the teacher in small group reading
sessions. Teachers model, then help students learn to guide group discussions using
four strategies: 1) summarizing, 2) question generating, 3) clarifying, and 4) predicting.
Once students have learned the strategies, they take turns assuming the role of teacher
in leading a dialogue about what has been read.
Cardinal Numbers
Counting numbers.
,Ordinal Numbers
Order or rank. 1st, 2nd, 3rd.
Nominal Numbers
Name - zip code or player on a team.
Additive Identity Property
Like looking in a mirror. 4+0=4
Associative Property of Addition
the way in which you group three or more numbers when adding does not change their
sum - a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
Commutative Property of Addition
a+b=b+a
Distributive Property
a(b + c) = ab + ac
Congruent Shape
If one shape can become another using turns, flips and/or slides.
Rhombus
A parallelogram with opposite equal acute angles, opposite equal obtuse angles, and
four equal sides. Any parallelogram with equal sides, including a square.
Seriation
Sequencing objects from first to last.
Partitioning
The mental activity of slicing the length of an object into equal-sized units.
Transitivity
If object A is longer than object B and object B is longer than object c, then object a is
longer than object c.
Rote Counting
Young children begin to learn to count by saying numbers in the correct order without
any sense of one-to-one correspondence.
Rational Counting
When a child learns to count with one-to-one correspondence.
Counting-On
,Don't have to recount everything. Is an addition strategy. 8+4 Child starts with the eight
and then adds and additional four.
Counting-All
When children add by beginning with number 1 to count. 8+4= They count the eight and
then count the four.
Divergent Questions
Open ended and lead to independent thinking.
Convergent Questions
Seek a single or right answer.
Phoneme
Smallest unit of sound.
Differentiated Instruction
Modifying instruction for each student through 1) content, 2) process, 3) product and 4)
learning environment.
5 Elements of Effective Reading Instruction (Reading First)
Phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, comprehension.
Phonemic Awareness (not the same as phonological awareness).
Matching words or pictures with sounds. It is the beginning of making a connection
between sound and letter. The specific ability to notice, think about, manipulate and
work with the individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words. It is the foundation for
spelling and word recognition skills. It is one of the best predictors of how well children
will learn to read during the first two years of school instruction.
Phoneme Isolation
"What is the first sound in MAT?
Phoneme Identity
(What is the common sound?) "Tell me the sound that is the same in MAT, MUG, and
MILE."
Phoneme Categoratization
"Tell me the word that doesn't belong: BIG, BAG, MAN." (odd in the sequence)
Phoneme Blending
, 1st best strategy for phonemes. Listen to a sequence and combine. "What word is /r/ /u/
/g/?"
Phoneme Segmentation
2nd best strategy for phonemes. Break up a word into sounds (can tap or count). "How
many sounds are in the word cat? /c/ /a/ /t/" (3) or What are the sounds in the word cat?
Phoneme Deletion
What is left when a phoneme (sound) is removed. "Tell me bike w/o the /b/. (ike)
Phoneme Addition
Make a new word by adding a phoneme. "Tell me a word you will have if you add /s/ to
mile." (Smile)
Phoneme Substitution
Change out a phoneme. "The word is map. Change the /p/ to /t/. What is the word?"
(mat)
When teach phonological awareness?
The earlier the better! Larger gains for at-risk readers.
Invented spelling
Similar to segmenting phonemes (but now representing with letters). More like phonetic
spelling. Good first step for kids 4-7.
Phonics
Letter/sound correspondences.
Graphemes
Letters
Alphabetic Principle
Writing system design that associates phonemes with letters of an alphabet.
Alphabetic Understanding
Understanding that written words are composed of letters related to phonemic
segments of the words of oral language.
Spelling & Phonics
87% of words can be handled with phonics (44 phonemes total).
Phonological Awareness (not the same as phonemic awareness).
