GMS6419: medical endocrine and reproductive physiology Exam Questions With 100% Correct Answers 2024

GMS6419: medical endocrine and reproductive physiology Exam Questions With 100% Correct Answers 2024 what are the three components of the endocrine system - answer✔✔endo crine glands hormones target organs/target cells definition of hormones - answer✔✔chemical messengers that are transported by the blood to target cells/organs where they elicit a physiological change what is the function of the endocrine system - answer✔✔to regulate cellular and organ function throughout life and maintain normal body homeostasis the endocrine system regulates: - answer✔✔-growth/developmental processes -reproduction -energy balance/metabolism -body temperature -stress responses -sodiu m/potassium/calcium/phosphate -water and sodium balance -cardiovascular regulation -GI system where are hormones made - answer✔✔by the glands how are the endocrine and neurocrine systems different - answer✔✔there is no endocrine gland so the hormone is released from the nerve terminal instead where are hormones released in the paracrine and autocrine systems - answer✔✔into the interstitial fluid and then to the receptors on target cells examples of paracrine and autocrine systems - answer✔✔growth factors cytokines neurotransmitters (NTs) what are the major endocrine glands - answer✔✔hypothalamus pituitary gland thyroid gland parathyroid gland adrenal gland pancreas ovaries testes what are the master endocrine glands - answer✔✔hypothalamus pituitary gland hypothalamus hormones - answer✔✔releasing/inhibiting hormones pituitary gland hormones - answer✔✔ACTH TSH GH LH FSH PRL SST AVP OT thyroid gland hormones - answer✔✔T3 T4 CT parathyroid gland hormones - answer✔✔PTH adrenal gland hormones - answer✔✔ALDO CORT EPI NE pancreas hormones - answer✔✔insulin glucagon ovarian hormones - answer✔✔estrogen progesterone inhibin testes hormones - answer✔✔testosterone inhibin what are the three major classes of hormones - answer✔✔proteins/peptides (largest group) steroids/steroid -like molecules tyrosine -derived hormones where are most peptide hormones made - answer✔✔intracellularly steps of making a peptide hormone - answer✔✔starts with DNA mRNA preprohormone (ribosomes) prohormone (endoplasmic reticulum) hormone (golgi bodies) where do peptide hormones go once they are made - answer✔✔stored in secretory/storage granules until they are released characteristics of peptide hormo nes - answer✔✔hydrophilic (water soluble) usually circulate freely in blood short half -life (rapid metabolism and excretion) bind to membrane receptors at target cell what triggers exocytosis of peptide hormones from cell - answer✔✔Calcium example of a p eptide hormone that is synthesized extracellularly - answer✔✔angiotensin II examples of steroids and steroid -like hormones - answer✔✔aldosterone (ALDO) cortisol (CORT) estradiol (E2) progesterone (P) testosterone (T) 1,25 (OH)2D3 (derivative of vitami n D3) what are all steroids/steroid -like hormones derived from - answer✔✔cholesterol where are steroids/steroid -like hormones made - answer✔✔intracellularly, but not stored in vessicles characteristics of steroids/steroid -like hormones - answer✔✔-released by diffusion through plasma membrane -lipid soluble, water insoluble -circulate in blood bound to a binding protein -long half life (slow metabolism and excretion) -have intracellular receptors at target cells bc lipid soluble examples of tyrosine -derived hormones - answer✔✔-dopamine (DA) -epinephrine (EPI) aka adrenaline -norepinephrine (NE) aka noradrenalin -thyroxine (T4) -triiodothyronine (T3) where are DA, EPI, and NE tyrosine -derived hormones made - answer✔✔in adrenal gland in adrenal medulla where are T4 and T3 tyrosine -derived hormones made - answer✔✔in thyroid gland what are EPI and NE known as - answer✔✔catecholamines characteristics of DA, EPI, and NE - answer✔✔-stored in secretory granules -released by exocytosis -hydrophilic (water soluble)