Anatomy and Physiology 101 Lab 2 Microscope, Cellular Structure, The Cell Cycle Labs 4, 5, and 7 in manual Textbook Figures 3.3, 3.7, and 3.37 Table 3.3 and 3.5

Anatomy and Physiology 101 Lab 2 Microscope, Cellular Structure, The Cell Cycle Labs 4, 5, and 7 in manual Textbook Figures 3.3, 3.7, and 3.37 Table 3.3 and 3.5 Lab Exercise 4 - Care and Use of the Compound Microscope The microscope is an essential tool for the study of structures too small to see with the naked eye. Objectives- In this lab you will learn the parts of a microscope, the function of each part, how to calculate total magnification, and how to place a slide in position and focus on an image. Directions- For this exercise follow the directions in the manual. You are responsible for the information in the manual from 1-9 under Procedure. However you will not be doing any measurements with a ruler or use of the thread slide. You will be using prepared slides of squamous cells. You are not responsible for the information on wet mount slides (Procedure B). To learn the parts of the microscope use the diagram for reference and the handout provided. LAB REPORT 4 – PART A & D Lab Exercise 5 - Cell Structure and Function The 3 major parts of a cell are the cell membrane that encloses the cell, the cytoplasm and the organelles contained within, and the nucleus. Objectives- In this exercise you will learn the parts of the cell and the functions of each part. You are responsible for this on both diagrams and the cell models. Directions- Locate the following structures on the cell model. Functions of each are also given. Description and Function 1. Cellmembrane Doublelayerofphospholipidmoleculesmakingasemi- permeablemembrane,alsocontainscholesterolwhich maintainsstructureofthemembraneandproteinswhich helpsregulate what enters and leaves cell 2. Organelles in cytoplasm Mitochondria Cell powerhouse- small cigar-shaped structures that produce energy for the cell Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) A series of flattened membranous sacs that extend from the nucleus to the cell membrane. There are 2 types of ER. 1. Rough (RER) Contains on surface ribosomes which make proteins. 2. Smooth (SER) Contains enzymes needed for lipid synthesis Golgi apparatus Flattened sacs smaller than ER, packages and ships primarily proteins out of cell, may also combine proteins with carbohydrates to make glycoproteins. The UPS of the cell. Centrosome Consists of 2 centrioles, aid in cell reproduction by making spindle fibers Ribosomes Small particles composed of RNA and proteins, may be free or attached to RER, produce proteins Lysosomes Membranous sacs, cell garbage disposal Vesicles Membranous sacs, contain substances that just entered cell or substances prepared to leave cell Peroxisomes Membranous sacs, breaks down organic molecules 3. Nucleus Control center of cell Nuclear envelope Double layer membrane that contains pores, regulates what enters and leaves the nucleus Nucleolus Nucleus may contain 1 or more, form ribosomes Chromatin Long, thin strands of protein and DNA, contains the blueprint for cell activity which is primarily synthesizing proteins The following organelles are found in cells but are not present on our model but you do need to know about them and identify them on the diagram. Cilia Projections off edge of cell membrane, move substances along surface of cell Flagella Long, single projection off cell membrane, moves entire cell Microfilaments and microtubules Thin protein strands within cytoplasm, help maintain structure of cell and move substances throughout cell COMPLETE LAB REPORT 5 – PART A Lab Exercise 7 - The Cell Cycle The life cycle of cells consists of periods of growth, activity and reproduction. The reproduction process of a cell consists of 2 steps, 1. Mitosis and 2. Cytokinesis. Mitosis is the division of the nucleus and its contents. Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm and its contents. Objectives- In this exercise you will learn the 4 stages of mitosis on the models and on microscope slides. You will also learn about the stage of a cell’s life that occurs before mitosis begins. You will learn the names of the structures within the cell during mitosis. You will also learn when cytokinesis occurs. Directions- Label the diagram. Then learn the mitosis stages on the models and on the microscope slides. The diagram in your text will be helpful. The stages of the life cycle of a cell: I. Interphase-This stage is marked by growth of the cell, normal cell activity, and chromosomal replication. II. Cell Reproduction- This stage is when the cell divides into 2 new cells. A. Mitosis- This stage is when the nucleus and its contents divide. There are 4 phases of mitosis. 1. Prophase- During this phase the previously replicated chromosomes are coiled up and attached to each other by centromeres. In this form the replicated chromosomes are now called paired chromatids. 2. Metaphase- During this phase the paired chromatids are lined up in the middle of the cell and spindle fibers from the centrosome attach to the centromeres. 3. Anaphase-During this phase the spindle fibers shorten and pull the paired chromatids apart to opposite sides of the cell. 4. Telophase- A reverse of prophase occurs in this phase. The chromosomes (since they are separate we now call them chromosomes again) elongate and fade from view. B. Cytokinesis- A pinching off of the cytoplasm in the middle of the cell indicates this stage. It often begins during anaphase of mitosis but is usually best seen during telophase. LAB REPORT 7 LAB 2-1: Using the Microscope OBJECTIVE: Learn the proper technique for caring for and using a compound microscope. Microscopes are commonly used to observe specimens too small to be seen with the unaided eye (less than 0.1mm). In this lab, you will be using a compound microscope, which consists of two kinds of lenses; an objective lens located on a revolving nosepiece, and an ocular lens (eyepiece) that typically magnifies the image an additional 10 times. Activity 1: Using the Microscope 1. Obtain a microscope while practicing the following rules a. Carry a microscope from the cabinet to your table using two hands; one hand on the base and another hand on the arm. b. Remove the dust cover and set it aside. Be sure to replace the dustcover when your microscope is not being used. b. Carefully place the microscope on your table. Always lift your microscope when moving it, never letting it drag across the tabletop. 2. Identify the objective lenses attached to the revolving nosepiece. Note the magnification of each objective lens and record it below. scanning lens (red) low-power lens (yellow) high-power lens (blue) oil-immersion lens (white) 3. Identify the ocular lens (eyepiece). Ocular lenses typically magnify the image an additional times. 4. Calculate the total magnification for each objective lens and record it below. Total magnification is determined by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the ocular lens (10x). scanning lens (red) low-power lens (yellow) high-power lens (blue) oil-immersion lens (white) 5. Identify the parts of a microscope in figure 2.1 on your own microscope. ocular (eyepiece) head revolving nosepiece objective lens arm slide holder stage iris diaphragm lever mechanical stage coarse adjustment knob fine adjustment knob mechanical stage knobs condenser illuminator light intensity control base Figure 2.1 The parts of a compound light microscope 6. Lock the scanning objective lens in place. 7. Place a student practice slide on the stage and secure it in place with the slide holder. 8. Turn on the substage illuminator. 9. Locate the condenser beneath the stage and adjust it using the condenser control knob. The condenser consists of lenses that focus the light onto your specimen. Adjust the condenser to its highest position and leave it. 10. Practice moving the slide across the stage using the pair of mechanical stage knobs. Position your specimen directly over the stage opening, which allows light from the illuminator to pass through the stage. 11. Use the coarse adjustment knob to bring the specimen into focus. Note how the coarse adjustment knob moves the stage up and down.