NUCLEOTIDES - PRIMARY STRUCTURE OF ONA
- are the basic building blocks of DNA and consist of three components
1. Phosphate group : negatively charged and connects to 3rd and 5th carbon
molecule on the
deoxy - ribose sugar
2. Pentagon ring molecule, the DNA base connects to I prime
3. Nucleic Bases - Purines (adenine and guanine) consist of 2 carbon nitrogen rings while
pyrimidines consist of cytosine and thymine come carbon nitrogen ring.
COMPLEMENTARY PAIRING - SECONDARY STRUCTURE OF DNA
- base pairing is crucial for maintaing the structure and stability of DNA/genetic
verification 1. Adenine (purine) shares two hydrogen bonding sites with Thymine
(pyrimidine)
2. Guanine (purine) shares three hydrogen bonding sites with cytosine (pyrimidine)
- also important to allow us to copy/replicate with only one pair
- must be a two ring with a one ring pair
CELL STRUCTURE
- Cell -> basic unit of all living things
- Cell membrane -) the physical barrier between the intracellular and extracellular
(semi- permeable) - Cytoplasm -) the general term for all material inside the cell,
supports cellular activities, controls movements - ONA - deoxyribonucleic acid contains
genetic information needed for building structures ( proteins) - Nucleus -> the membrane
bound organelle that contains DWA; found in eukaryotic cells (nucleotides ATCG) -
Organelles -> structure that carries out specific functions, maintain cellular functions
- Ribosomes -> the organelles on which protein are made, reads RNA and translates into
proteins
(ORGANELLES
- Mitochondria -> considered to be the powerhouse of the cell, providing the cell with
ATP from sources
- Endoplasmic Reticulum -> houses ribosomes and is located next to the nucleus -> genetic
translation efficiency as well as storing minerals and is the site of lipids (fax
synthesis)
- Lysosomes -> contains high concentrations of enzymes which are responsible for cellular
waste, breaking down objects ( food and substrates) and macromolecules
og: Apparatus -> responsible for processing, packaging and sorting (inside + outside)
TERTIARY STRUCTURE OF DNA
tertiary structure only exists during cell replication --- DNA double helix supercoils
with the assistance of histones
- DNA double helix , histones , leading to the formation of a neutral
DNA chromosomes
Protein Synthesis:
1. DNA undergoes transciption to becomes RNA
2. RNA is then translated to a protein by a ribosome
3. In RNA, thymine is replaced by Uracil
Forensic DNA:
1. Collect DNA
2. Isolate the non-coding components
3. PCR used to amplify through a process that mimics DNA replication
4. Perform gel electrophoresis light based on the mass of DNA
PCR:
1. Denaturation - headed to seperate the DNA strands
2. Annealing - the temperature is lowered to enable primers to bind
3. Elongation - the temperature
is raised and ONA is copied.
- are the basic building blocks of DNA and consist of three components
1. Phosphate group : negatively charged and connects to 3rd and 5th carbon
molecule on the
deoxy - ribose sugar
2. Pentagon ring molecule, the DNA base connects to I prime
3. Nucleic Bases - Purines (adenine and guanine) consist of 2 carbon nitrogen rings while
pyrimidines consist of cytosine and thymine come carbon nitrogen ring.
COMPLEMENTARY PAIRING - SECONDARY STRUCTURE OF DNA
- base pairing is crucial for maintaing the structure and stability of DNA/genetic
verification 1. Adenine (purine) shares two hydrogen bonding sites with Thymine
(pyrimidine)
2. Guanine (purine) shares three hydrogen bonding sites with cytosine (pyrimidine)
- also important to allow us to copy/replicate with only one pair
- must be a two ring with a one ring pair
CELL STRUCTURE
- Cell -> basic unit of all living things
- Cell membrane -) the physical barrier between the intracellular and extracellular
(semi- permeable) - Cytoplasm -) the general term for all material inside the cell,
supports cellular activities, controls movements - ONA - deoxyribonucleic acid contains
genetic information needed for building structures ( proteins) - Nucleus -> the membrane
bound organelle that contains DWA; found in eukaryotic cells (nucleotides ATCG) -
Organelles -> structure that carries out specific functions, maintain cellular functions
- Ribosomes -> the organelles on which protein are made, reads RNA and translates into
proteins
(ORGANELLES
- Mitochondria -> considered to be the powerhouse of the cell, providing the cell with
ATP from sources
- Endoplasmic Reticulum -> houses ribosomes and is located next to the nucleus -> genetic
translation efficiency as well as storing minerals and is the site of lipids (fax
synthesis)
- Lysosomes -> contains high concentrations of enzymes which are responsible for cellular
waste, breaking down objects ( food and substrates) and macromolecules
og: Apparatus -> responsible for processing, packaging and sorting (inside + outside)
TERTIARY STRUCTURE OF DNA
tertiary structure only exists during cell replication --- DNA double helix supercoils
with the assistance of histones
- DNA double helix , histones , leading to the formation of a neutral
DNA chromosomes
Protein Synthesis:
1. DNA undergoes transciption to becomes RNA
2. RNA is then translated to a protein by a ribosome
3. In RNA, thymine is replaced by Uracil
Forensic DNA:
1. Collect DNA
2. Isolate the non-coding components
3. PCR used to amplify through a process that mimics DNA replication
4. Perform gel electrophoresis light based on the mass of DNA
PCR:
1. Denaturation - headed to seperate the DNA strands
2. Annealing - the temperature is lowered to enable primers to bind
3. Elongation - the temperature
is raised and ONA is copied.
