Straighterline Biology 101 final exam 2024

Chemical Composition of the Cells: Atoms - Each atom has a positively charged nucleus which is surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. The nucleus consists of protons (+) and neutrons (-). The number of protons in the nucleus gives the atomic number. Chemical Composition of the Cells - -Ionic bonds form by the loss and gain of electrons -Covalent bonds form by the sharing of electrons -A cell is formed from carbon compounds Chemical Composition of the Cells: Four Major Families of organic molecules - Fatty Acids- are components of cell membranes Amino acids- subunits of proteins Sugars- provide an energy source for cells Nucleotides- subunits of DNA and RNA Metabolism - All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism Photosynthesis - -Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy. -synthesize food from carbon dioxide and water -involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a byproduct. Cellular Respiration - a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert chemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. Cell Structure and Function: Prokaryote (bacteria and archaea) - Pilus- hair-like appendage found on the surface Capsule- made of polysaccharides, helps the prokaryotes cling to each other and to surfaces Cell wall- rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane Plasma membrane- layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment Neucleoid (DNA)- contains all or most of the genetic material cytoplasm- everything found within the plasma membrane ribosomes- to manufacture proteins flagellum- used for cell movement (no membrane bound nucleus) Cell structure and function: Eukaryote - Endoplasmic reticulum- a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm, involved in protein and lipid synthesis Nucleus- contains the majority of the cells genetic material