Philosophy 104 Exam 1 Review Questions Answers RATED A

Philosophy 104: Exam 1 Review Questions & Answers (RATED A+) The area of moral philosophy known as "value theory" includes questions such as... A. Is morality objective? B. What do we owe to each other C. What kind of life is most worth living? D. How do we know which actions are morally right? The question "do the ends justify the means?" falls within the area of... A. value theory B. normative ethics C. metaethics D. moral psychology The claim that morality is a human invention and therefore not objective is a claim in... a. applied ethics. b. value theory. c. normative ethics. d. metaethics. Skepticism about morality is... a. a position that no one has ever argued for. b. nearly universally accepted. c. nearly universally rejected. d. deeply controversial. In philosophy, an argument is.. a. a formal debate between two parties who disagree. b. a heated confrontation concerning a key philosophical issue. c. a chain of reasoning consisting of a set of reasons that supports some conclusion. d. an objection to a stated philosophical position. It is impossible for a valid argument to have... a. true premises and a false conclusion. b. true premises and a true conclusion. c. false premises and a false conclusion. d. none of the above. There is no such thing as... a. a sound argument that is also valid. b. a sound argument that is not valid. c. a valid argument that is also sound. d. a valid argument that is not sound. The conclusion of a sound argument a. will always be true. b. will always be false. c. might be true but also might be false. d. will always be relevant to the debate at hand. A moral agent is a. someone who acts morally all the time. b. someone who acts in accordance with the ethics of his or her profession. c. anyone who is capable of controlling his or her behavior through moral reasoning. d. any individual whose interests we must consider in order to act morally. Moral theorizing essentially involves a. trying to decide what is right or wrong on a case-by-case basis. b. trying to come up with general moral principles that apply to many different cases. c. consulting the relevant laws and the Constitution. d. trying to explain what causes people to make the moral judgments they do. "Conventional morality" is a. the set of laws of a particular government. b. the set of principles genuinely believed by a moral agent. c. the set of traditional principles that are widely shared within a culture or society. d. the set of true moral principles. According to the text, how should moral philosophy begin? a. From a set of moral principles that cannot be doubted b. From a set of moral rules that is clear enough so as to not require interpretation c. From a set of plausible ethical claims that is subject to revision d. None of the above The desire for "unification" in ethics is a desire for... a. everyone to agree on moral principles. b. everyone to treat each other well. c. a single general moral principle. d. a scientific account of morality. What is the best description of the following argument? If the sky is yellow, then grass is pink. The sky is yellow. Therefore, grass is pink. a. Valid and sound b. Valid but unsound c. Invalid but sound d. Invalid and unsound Some moral actions are a. illegal. b. impolite. c. both (a) and (b) neither (a) nor (b) Which of the following questions falls within the domain of metaethics? a. Are some moral claims true? b. What are our fundamental moral duties? c. Do the ends always justify the means? d. What is the good life for a human being? Which of the following claims falls within the domain of value theory? a. Morality is objective. b. Moral knowledge is impossible. c. The right thing to do is whatever maximizes happiness. d. The only thing that matters in order to live well is to get what you want. What area of moral philosophy deals with questions about what our moral obligations are? a. Value theory b. Normative ethics c. Metaethics d. Moral epistemology Which of the following commonly motivates people to be skeptical about morality? a. The view that happiness is an important part of the good life b. The view that all moral rules have exceptions c. Both (a) and (b) d. Neither (a) nor (b) Which of the following commonly motivates people to be skeptical about morality? a. The existence of moral disagreement b. The belief that science is the only way of discovering truth c. both (a) and (b) d. neither (a) nor (b) According to Peter Singer, an "ultimate" choice is (a) a choice that cannot be made or justified by referring to a more fundamental framework of values. (b) an existential choice, like the choice of whether to commit suicide or to go on living. (c) a choice between ethics and morally right behavior, and is the last choice you will ever have to make. (d) a choice of whether to play Ultimate Frisbee or stay home and watch it on T.V. What power does the ring of Gyges give to the person who wears it? (a) invisibility (b) flight (c) mind-reading (d) predicting the future In Plato's Republic, which of the following is the story of the Ring of Gyges supposed to show? (a) That all human beings are motivated by altruism. (b) That all human beings are motivated by self-interest. (c) That all human beings should be motivated by altruism. (d) That different human beings are motivated by different things. Psychological egoism is (a) a theory about how we should live. (b) a theory about how people behave. (c) both (a) and (b) (d) neither (a) nor (b) Psychological egoism claims that (a) all human beings are motivated by self-interest. (b) all human beings are motivated by altruism. (c) hum an beings should be motivated by self-interest. (d) human beings should be motivated by altruism. An altruistic action is (a) any action that benefits others. (b) an action motivated by a direct desire to benefit others for their own sake. (c) a desire to benefit others in order to further our own ends. (d) all of the above. If psychological egoism is true, then ___ (a) this has no ethical implications because psychological egoism is not an ethical theory. (b) we cannot be morally obligated to behave altruistically. (c) most of what is commonly taken for granted about morality would be mistaken. (d) both (b) and ( c) If libertarianism is true, then (a) ethical egoism is correct. (b) ethical egoism is false. (c) ethical egoism is probably true. (d) this provides some weak evidence against ethical egoism. If all of our actions are motivated by our strongest desire, then (a) psychological egoism is proven correct. (b) psychological egoism is true only if all of our strongest desires are for self-interest. (c) psychological egoism is refuted. (d) human beings are never genuinely altruistic. If getting what we want always makes us better off, then (a) all of our actions are self-interested. (b) when we do what we want, our actions are self-interested. (c) when we do what we want and what we want is to make ourselves better off, our actions are self- interested. (d) none of the above.